Topical skin formulations

ABSTRACT

A method of treating a person&#39;s skin comprising topically applying to skin a composition that includes an effective amount of a hydrolyzed algae extract that includes an exopolysaccharide from Halymenia durvillei and an effective amount of an exopolysaccharide from Vibrio alginolyticus. Topical application of the composition can decrease skin permeability, increase filaggrin production, increase skin moisture, increase occludin production, and/or decrease TNF-α production.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/218,840, filed Jul. 25, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/197,232 filed Jul. 27, 2015, the contentof which is incorporated into the present application by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of cosmetics. Moreparticularly, it concerns compositions that can be used to exfoliate,moisturize, or prepare skin for moisturization. In another aspect, thecomposition can be used as a cleanser or freshener to remove residue,dirt, oil, grease, tars, etc., from surfaces. In yet another aspect, thecomposition can be used as a cosmetic foundation.

B. Description of Related Art

Ageing, chronic exposure to adverse environmental factors, malnutrition,fatigue, etc., can change the visual appearance, physical properties, orphysiological functions of skin in ways that are considered visuallyundesirable. The most notable and obvious changes include thedevelopment of fine lines and wrinkles, loss of elasticity, increasedsagging, loss of firmness, loss of color evenness or tone, coarsesurface texture, and mottled pigmentation. Less obvious but measurablechanges which occur as skin ages or endures chronic environmental insultinclude a general reduction in cellular and tissue vitality, reductionin cell replication rates, reduced cutaneous blood flow, reducedmoisture content, accumulated errors in structure and function,alterations in the normal regulation of common biochemical pathways, anda reduction in the skin's ability to remodel and repair itself. Many ofthe alterations in appearance and function of the skin are caused bychanges in the outer epidermal layer of the skin, while others arecaused by changes in the lower dermis.

Previous attempts to improve the visual appearance of skin with knownskin active-ingredients have been shown to have various drawbacks suchas skin irritation and prolonged recovery periods.

Maintaining moisture of the skin and/or hair helps overcome someunwanted changes in skin and hair. However, maintaining moisture of theskin can be difficult. This is especially true for subjects with skinthat is more dry than average (dry skin type). Exposure to chemicals,solvents, washing, cosmetics, fabrics, or dry environments are some ofthe many ways that skin can lose moisture.

Skin and hair can lose moisture as a result of cleansing and/orfreshening the skin and hair. Skin and hair cleansing and/or fresheningcompositions are typically applied to skin and/or hair and rinsed-offwith water (e.g., rinse-off product), robbing the skin of natural oilsand lipids. Further, cleansing and freshening compositions oftentimeshave ingredients that can be caustic to the surfaces to be cleansed. Forinstance, many types of cleansers and fresheners use certain surfactantsthat can cause skin irritation.

Cosmetics, including makeup foundations and masks, can cause drying ofthe skin. Foundations are typically applied to skin and left on the skinso that additional makeup may be applied or to hide the appearance ofunwanted blemishes or colors. Some problems associated with foundationsinclude skin irritation, stability, lack of adequate effectiveness,difficulty in applying to skin, and drying of the skin. Masks aretypically applied to skin and left on the skin for a period of time toallow the claimed benefits of the mask to occur. Problems associatedwith masks include skin irritation, stability, lack of adequateeffectiveness, difficulty in applying to skin, and drying of the skin.Many masks also exfoliate the skin, which can cause or exasperateirritation, sensitivity, and dryness.

Moisturizers are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designedto make the external layers of the skin (epidermis) softer and morepliable. They increase the skin's hydration (water content) by reducingevaporation. Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well asartificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc.,may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. Theyusually are available as commercial products for cosmetic andtherapeutic uses, but can also be made at home using common pharmacyingredients. However, moisturizers are not perfect. Some problemsassociated with moisturizers include unpleasant tactile properties(e.g., heavy, greasy, or sticky feel), instability, skin-irritation, orinsufficient moisturization capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventors determined that a combination of compounds, compositions,and extracts that have therapeutic benefits. In particular, theinventors identified a combination of ingredients, including hydrolyzedalgae extract and saccharide isomerate, that work to moisturize and/orimprove the appearance and/or condition of skin and/or hair. Inparticular aspects, the saccharide isomerate may contain anexopolysaccharide synthesized by Vibrio alginolyticus, capable ofincreasing production of filaggrin, increasing skin moisture, increasingproduction of occluding, inhibiting TNFα production, and/or preventingoxidative damage. In particular aspects, the hydrolyzed algae extractcontains exopolysaccharides of Halymenia durvillei and is capable ofincreasing production of filaggrin, increasing skin moisture, increasingproduction of occludin, and/or decreasing skin permeability. The presentinvention overcomes deficiencies in the art by providing stablemoisturizer, mask, foundation, freshener, and cleanser compositions thatcan also effectively decrease skin permeability, increase filaggrinproduction, increase skin moisture, increase occludin production,inhibit TNFα production, and prevent oxidative damage.

In some embodiments, there is disclosed a topical composition. In someaspects, the topical composition includes any one of, any combinationof, or all of hydrolyzed algae extract, saccharide isomerate, and adermatologically acceptable vehicle. The amounts of the ingredientswithin the composition can vary (e.g., amounts can be as low as0.000001% to as high as 98% w/w or any range therein). In some aspects,the composition contains an effective amount of saccharide isomeratecapable of increasing production of filaggrin, increasing skin moisture,increasing production of occluding, inhibiting TNFα production, and/orpreventing oxidative damage. In some aspects, the composition containsan effective amount of hydrolyzed algae extract capable of increasingproduction of filaggrin, increasing skin moisture, increasing productionof occludin, and/or decreasing skin permeability. In some aspects, thesaccharide isomerate is an exopolysaccharide synthesized by Vibrioalginolyticus. In some aspects, the hydrolyzed algae extract comprisesexopolysaccharides of Halymenia durvillei. In some aspects, thecomposition includes: 0.001% to 1% w/w of hydrolyzed algae extract and0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of saccharide isomerate. In some aspects, thecomposition is formulated as at least one of a moisturizer, a mask, afoundation, a freshener, and/or a cleanser. In some aspects, thedermatologically acceptable vehicle can contain water, or can be water.In some aspects, the composition contains 35% to 98% w/w of water. Insome aspects, the composition further contains glycerin andphenoxyethanol. In some aspects, the composition includes 1% to 15% w/wof glycerin and 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of phenoxyethanol. The composition mayfurther comprise one or more ingredients described herein. For example,the composition may comprise one or more additional ingredients selectedfrom one or more conditioning agents, moisturizing agents, pH adjusters,structuring agents, inorganic salts, and preservatives. In some aspects,the composition is capable of moisturizing skin and/or hair. In someaspects, the composition is capable of moisturizing dry skin and/or dryhair.

In another aspect, disclosed is a moisturizer composition. In someaspects, the topical composition above further includes any one of, anycombination of, or all of cyclopentasiloxane, hydrogenatedpolyisobutene, butylene glycol, dimethicone, octyldodecyl myristate,arachidyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, cetearyl alcohol, petrolatum, andPEG-100 stearate. The amounts of the ingredients within the compositioncan vary (e.g., amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 98% w/wor any range therein). In some aspects, the composition includes: 1% to10% w/w of cyclopentasiloxane, 1% to 10% w/w of hydrogenatedpolyisobutene, 1% to 10% w/w of butylene glycol, 1% to 10% w/w ofdimethicone, 0.5% to 5% w/w of octyldodecyl myristate, 0.5% to 5% w/w ofarachidyl alcohol, 0.5% to 5% w/w of glyceryl stearate, 0.1% to 3% w/wof cetearyl alcohol, 0.1% to 3% w/w of petrolatum, and 0.1% to 3% w/w ofPEG-100 stearate. In some aspects, the composition further includes:behenyl alcohol, ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer,arachidyl glucoside, dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone crosspolymer,chlorphenesin, and disodium EDTA. In some aspects, the compositionincludes 0.1% to 3% w/w of behenyl alcohol, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of ammoniumacryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of arachidylglucoside, 0.1% to 1% w/w of dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone crosspolymer,0.05% to 0.5% w/w of chlorphenesin, and 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodiumEDTA. In some aspects, the composition further includes Opuntia tunafruit extract. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.0001% to 0.1%w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the composition isformulated as a moisturizer.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is a mask. In some aspects, the topicalcomposition above further includes any one of, any combination of, orall of glyceryl stearate, petrolatum, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol,lauryl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer, and stearylalcohol. The amounts of the ingredients within the composition can vary(e.g., amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 98% w/w or anyrange therein). In some aspects, the composition includes: 1% to 10% w/wof glyceryl stearate, 1% to 10% w/w of petrolatum, 0.5% to 5% w/w ofstearic acid, 0.5% to 5% w/w of cetyl alcohol, 0.1% to 3% w/w of laurylmethacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer, and 0.1% to 3% w/w ofstearyl alcohol. In some aspects, the composition includes:triethanolamine, dimethicone, titanium dioxide, betaine, carbomer,behenyl alcohol, disodium EDTA, and palmitic acid. In some aspects, thecomposition includes: 0.1% to 3% w/w of triethanolamine, 0.1% to 3% w/wof dimethicone, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of titanium dioxide, 0.1% to 1.5% w/wof betaine, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of behenylalcohol, 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodium EDTA, and 0.01% to 0.5% w/w ofpalmitic acid. In some aspects, the composition further includes Opuntiatuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the composition includes 0.0001% to0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the compositionis formulated as a mask.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is a foundation. In some aspects, thetopical composition above further includes any one of, any combinationof, or all of propanediol, caprylic/capric triglyceride, silica,cetearyl alcohol, Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter, and glycerylstearate. The amounts of the ingredients within the composition can vary(e.g., amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 98% w/w or anyrange therein). In some aspects, the composition includes: 5% to 20% w/wof propanediol, 5% to 15% w/w of caprylic/capric triglyceride, 1% to 10%w/w of silica, 0.5% to 5% w/w of cetearyl alcohol, 0.1% to 3% w/w ofButyrospermum parkii (shea) butter, and 0.1% to 3% w/w of glycerylstearate. In some aspects, the composition further includes: PEG-100stearate, hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl tauratecopolymer, bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2, squalene, isohexadecane,caprylyl glycol, chlorphenesin, tocopherol, dipotassium glycyrrhizate,and polysorbate 60. In some aspects, the composition includes: 0.1% to3% w/w of PEG-100 stearate, 0.1% to 3% w/w of hydroxyethylacrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w ofbis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of squalene, 0.1% to1% w/w of isohexadecane, 0.1% to 1% w/w of caprylyl glycol, 0.05% to0.5% w/w of chlorphenesin, 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of tocopherol, 0.01% to0.5% w/w of dipotassium glycyrrhizate, and 0.01% to 0.5% w/w ofpolysorbate 60. In some aspects, the composition further includes asunscreen agent. In some aspects, the composition includes octinoxate,homosalate, and oxybenzone. In some aspects, the composition includes 5%to 15% w/w of octinoxate, 1% to 10% w/w of homosalate, and 0.5% to 5%w/w of oxybenzone. In some aspects, the composition further includesOpuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the composition includes0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, thecomposition is formulated as a foundation.

In yet another aspect, disclosed is a freshener. In some aspects, thetopical composition above further includes any one of, any combinationof, or all of PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, chlorphenesin, carbomer,polysorbate 20, triethanolamine, and hydrolyzed jojoba esters. Theamounts of the ingredients within the composition can vary (e.g.,amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 98% w/w or any rangetherein). In some aspects, the composition includes: 0.1% to 1% w/w ofPEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of chlorphenesin,0.05% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of polysorbate 20,0.01% to 0.05% w/w of triethanolamine, and 0.01% to 0.05% w/w ofhydrolyzed jojoba esters. In some aspects, the composition furtherincludes Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the compositionincludes 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In someaspects, the composition is formulated as a freshener.

In some embodiments, disclosed is a cleanser. In some aspects, thetopical composition above further includes any one of, any combinationof, or all of petrolatum, PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides, glycerylstearate, Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter, cetyl alcohol, and stearylalcohol. The amounts of the ingredients within the composition can vary(e.g., amounts can be as low as 0.000001% to as high as 98% w/w or anyrange therein). In some aspects, the composition includes: 1% to 15% w/wof petrolatum, 1% to 10% w/w of PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides, 1% to10% w/w of glyceryl stearate, 1% to 10% w/w of Butyrospermum parkii(shea) butter, 0.5% to 5% w/w of cetyl alcohol, and 0.1% to 3% w/w ofstearyl alcohol. In some aspects, the composition further includespropylene glycol, cetearyl alcohol, triethanolamine, pentaerythrityltetraisostearate, betaine, ceteth-20 phosphate, methylparaben,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, dicetyl phosphate, dimethicone, butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), carbomer, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin, disodiumEDTA, and dipotassium glycyrrhizate. In some aspects, the compositionincludes 0.1% to 3% w/w of propylene glycol, 0.1% to 3% w/w of cetearylalcohol, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of triethanolamine, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w ofpentaerythrityl tetraisostearate, 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of betaine, 0.1% to1% w/w of ceteth-20 phosphate, 0.05% to 1% w/w of methylparaben, 0.1% to1% w/w of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of dicetylphosphate, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of dimethicone, 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of BHT,0.01% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer, 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of hydroxypropylcyclodextrin, 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodium EDTA, and 0.01% to 0.5% w/wof dipotassium glycyrrhizate. In some aspects, the composition furtherincludes caprylyl glycol and decylene glycol. In some aspects, thecomposition includes 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of caprylyl glycol and 0.01% to0.5% w/w of decylene glycol. In some aspects, the composition furtherincludes Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In some aspects, the compositionincludes 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. In someaspects, the composition is formulated as a cleanser.

The compositions disclosed herein may further comprise one or moreingredients described herein. For example, the composition may compriseone or more additional ingredients selected from one or moreconditioning agents, moisturizing agents, pH adjusters, structuringagents, inorganic salts, and preservatives.

Methods of use for the compositions disclosed herein are also disclosed.In some aspects, the compositions disclosed are applied to skin and/orhair by applying the composition to skin and/or hair and leaving thecomposition on the skin and/or hair. In some aspects, the compositionsdisclosed are applied to skin and/or hair by applying the composition toskin and/or hair and removing the composition from the skin and/or hair.In some aspects, the compositions disclosed are removed immediatelyafter applying the composition to up to 16 hours after applying thecomposition. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed are used tomoisturize skin and/or hair by applying the composition to skin and/orhair. In another aspect, the compositions disclosed are used to removeresidue from skin and/or hair by applying the composition to skin and/orhair and removing the composition from the skin and/or hair. In yetanother aspect, the compositions disclosed are used to cleanse skinand/or hair by applying the composition to skin and/or hair and removingthe composition from the skin and/or hair.

Methods of use for the compositions disclosed herein are disclosedwherein in some embodiments, the compositions disclosed increasefilaggrin production by applying the composition to skin, whereinfilaggrin production is increased. In another aspect, the compositionsdisclosed moisturize the skin by applying the composition to skin,wherein skin moisture is increased. In yet another aspect, thecompositions disclosed increase production of occludin by applying thecomposition to skin, wherein occludin production is increased. In someembodiments, the compositions disclosed inhibit production of TNFα byapplying the composition to skin, wherein TNFα production is inhibited.In another aspect, the compositions disclosed prevents oxidative damageby applying the composition to skin and/or hair, wherein oxidativedamage is prevented. In yet another aspect, the compositions discloseddecrease skin permeability by applying the composition to skin, whereinskin permeability is decreased. In some embodiments, the compositionsdisclosed are used to treat a subject in need thereof by applying thecomposition to skin, wherein skin permeability is decreased and whereinat least one of filaggrin production is increased, skin moisture isincreased, occludin production is increased, TNFα production isinhibited, and/or oxidative damage is prevented.

In particular aspects, the compositions of the present invention areformulated as a topical skin composition. The composition can have adermatologically acceptable vehicle or carrier for the compounds,compositions and extracts. The composition can further include amoisturizing agent or a humectant, a surfactant, a silicone containingcompounds, a UV agent, an oil, and/or other ingredients identified inthis specification or those known in the art. The composition can be alotion, cream, gel, serum, emulsion (e.g., oil-in-water, water-in-oil,silicone-in-water, water-in-silicone, water-in-oil-in-water,oil-in-water-in-oil, oil-in-water-in-silicone, etc.), solutions (e.g.,aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solutions), anhydrous bases (e.g., lipstickor a powder), ointments, milk, paste, aerosol, solid forms, eye jellies,etc. The composition can be in powdered form (e.g., dried, lyophilized,particulate, etc.). The composition can be formulated for topical skinapplication at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more times a day duringuse. In other aspects of the present invention, compositions can bestorage stable or color stable, or both. It is also contemplated thatthe viscosity of the composition can be selected to achieve a desiredresult, e.g., depending on the type of composition desired, theviscosity of such composition can be from about 1 cps to well over 1million cps or any range or integer derivable therein (e.g., 2 cps, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000,90000, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000, 800000,900000, 1000000, 2000000, 3000000, 4000000, 5000000, 10000000, cps,etc., as measured on a Brookfield Viscometer using a TC spindle at 2.5rpm at 25° C.).

The compositions of the present invention can also be modified to have adesired oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value. In certainnon-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present invention or thecomponent or extracts thereof identified throughout this specificationcan be modified to have an ORAC value per mg of at least about 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95,100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000,5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 30000, 50000, 100000or more or any range derivable therein.

The compositions in non-limiting aspects can have a pH of about 6 toabout 9. In other aspects, the pH can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, or 14. The compositions can include a triglyceride.Non-limiting examples include small, medium, and large chaintriglycerides. In certain aspects, the triglyceride is a medium chaintriglyceride (e.g., caprylic capric triglyceride). The compositions canalso include preservatives. Non-limiting examples of preservativesinclude methylparaben, propylparaben, or a mixture of methylparaben andpropylparaben.

Compositions of the present invention can have UVA and UVB absorptionproperties. The compositions can have an sun protection factor (SPF) of2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 55, 60, or more, or any integer or derivative therein. Thecompositions can be sunscreen lotions, sprays, or creams.

The compositions of the present invention can also include any one of,any combination of, or all of the following additional ingredients:water, a chelating agent, a moisturizing agent, a preservative, athickening agent, a silicone containing compound, an essential oil, astructuring agent, a vitamin, a pharmaceutical ingredient, or anantioxidant, or any combination of such ingredients or mixtures of suchingredients. In certain aspects, the composition can include at leasttwo, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or all of theseadditional ingredients identified in the previous sentence. Non-limitingexamples of these additional ingredients are identified throughout thisspecification and are incorporated into this section by reference. Theamounts of such ingredients can range from 0.0001% to 99.9% by weight orvolume of the composition, or any integer or range in between asdisclosed in other sections of this specification, which areincorporated into this paragraph by reference.

Kits that include the compositions of the present invention are alsocontemplated. In certain embodiments, the composition is comprised in acontainer. The container can be a bottle, dispenser, or package. Thecontainer can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition. Incertain aspects, the compositions is dispensed in a spray, mist, dollop,or liquid. The container can include indicia on its surface. The indiciacan be a word, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

It is also contemplated that the compositions disclosed throughout thisspecification can be used as a leave-on or rinse-off composition. By wayof example, a leave-on composition can be one that is topically appliedto skin and remains on the skin for a period of time (e.g., at least 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 hours,or overnight or throughout the day). Alternatively, a rinse-offcomposition can be a product that is intended to be applied to the skinand then removed or rinsed from the skin (e.g., with water) within aperiod of time such as less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 minute. An example ofa rinse of composition can be a skin cleanser, shampoo, conditioner,freshener, or soap. An example of a leave-on composition can be a skinmoisturizer, sunscreen, mask, overnight cream, or a day cream.

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specificationcan be implemented with respect to any method or composition of theinvention, and vice versa. Furthermore, compositions of the inventioncan be used to achieve methods of the invention.

In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention can bepharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant or can have pleasant tactileproperties. “Pharmaceutically elegant,” “cosmetically elegant,” and/or“pleasant tactile properties” describes a composition that hasparticular tactile properties which feel pleasant on the skin (e.g.,compositions that are not too watery or greasy, compositions that have asilky texture, compositions that are non-tacky or sticky, etc.).Pharmaceutically or cosmetically elegant can also relate to thecreaminess or lubricity properties of the composition or to the moistureretaining properties of the composition.

Also contemplated is a product comprising a composition of the presentinvention. In non-limiting aspects, the product can be a cosmeticproduct. The cosmetic product can be those described in other sectionsof this specification or those known to a person of skill in the art.Non-limiting examples of products include a moisturizer, a cream, alotion, a skin softener, a gel, a wash, a foundation, a night cream, alipstick, a cleanser, a freshener, a toner, a sunscreen, a mask, ananti-aging product, a deodorant, an antiperspirant, a perfume, acologne, etc.

Also disclosed are the following Embodiments 1 to 60 of the presentinvention. Embodiment 1 is a method of treating a subject in needthereof comprising applying a topical composition comprising hydrolyzedalgae extract, saccharide isomerate, and a dermatologically acceptablevehicle to skin, wherein at least one of skin permeability is decreased,filaggrin production is increased, skin moisture is increased, occludinproduction is increased, TNFα production is inhibited, or oxidativedamage is prevented. Embodiment 2 is the method of Embodiment 1, whereinskin permeability is decreased and wherein at least one of filaggrinproduction is increased, skin moisture is increased, occludin productionis increased, TNFα production is inhibited, or oxidative damage isprevented. Embodiment 3 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 and 2,wherein the hydrolyzed algae extract increases production of filaggrin,increases skin moisture, increases production of occludin, and/ordecreases skin permeability. Embodiment 4 is the method of any ofEmbodiments 1 to 3, wherein the saccharide isomerate increasesproduction of filaggrin, increases skin moisture, increases productionof occluding, inhibits TNFα production, and/or prevents oxidativedamage. Embodiment 5 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 4, whereinthe hydrolyzed algae extract comprises exopolysaccharides of Halymeniadurvillei. Embodiment 6 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 5,wherein the saccharide isomerate comprises an exopolysaccharidesynthesized by Vibrio alginolyticus. Embodiment 7 is the method of anyof Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the composition comprises 0.001% to 1%w/w of hydrolyzed algae extract and 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of saccharideisomerate. Embodiment 8 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 7,wherein the composition is formulated as at least one of a moisturizer,a mask, a foundation, a freshener, and a cleanser. Embodiment 9 is themethod of any of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the wherein thedermatologically acceptable vehicle comprises water. Embodiment 10 isthe method of Embodiment 9, wherein the composition comprises 35% to 98%w/w of water. Embodiment 11 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 10,wherein the composition further comprises glycerin and phenoxyethanol.Embodiment 12 is the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein thecomposition comprises 1% to 15% w/w of glycerin and 0.1% to 1.5% w/w ofphenoxyethanol. Embodiment 13 is a topical composition comprisinghydrolyzed algae extract, saccharide isomerate, and a dermatologicallyacceptable vehicle wherein the composition is capable of moisturizing atleast one of skin and hair, wherein the saccharide isomerate comprisesan exopolysaccharide synthesized by Vibrio alginolyticus, and thehydrolyzed algae extract comprises exopolysaccharides of Halymeniadurvillei. Embodiment 14 is the composition of Embodiment 13, whereinthe composition comprises an effective amount of saccharide isomeratecapable of increasing production of filaggrin, increasing skin moisture,increasing production of occluding, inhibiting TNFα production, and/orpreventing oxidative damage. Embodiment 15 is the composition of any ofEmbodiments 13 to 14, wherein the composition comprises an effectiveamount of hydrolyzed algae extract capable of increasing production offilaggrin, increasing skin moisture, increasing production of occludin,and/or decreasing skin permeability. Embodiment 16 is the composition ofany of Embodiments 13 to 15, wherein the composition is capable ofmoisturizing at least one of dry skin and dry hair. Embodiment 17 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 13 to 16, wherein the compositioncomprises 0.001% to 1% w/w of hydrolyzed algae extract and 0.0001% to0.1% w/w of saccharide isomerate. Embodiment 18 is the composition ofany of Embodiments 13 to 17, wherein the composition is formulated as atleast one of a moisturizer, a mask, a foundation, a freshener, and acleanser. Embodiment 19 is the composition of any of Embodiments 13 to18, wherein the dermatologically acceptable vehicle comprises water.Embodiment 20 is the composition of any of Embodiments 13 to 19, whereinthe composition comprises 35% to 98% w/w of water. Embodiment 21 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 13 to 20, further comprising glycerinand phenoxyethanol. Embodiment 22 is the composition of any ofEmbodiments 13 to 21, wherein the composition comprises 1% to 15% w/w ofglycerin and 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of phenoxyethanol. Embodiment 23 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 13 to 22, wherein the compositionfurther comprises: cyclopentasiloxane; hydrogenated polyisobutene;butylene glycol; dimethicone; octyldodecyl myristate; arachidyl alcohol;glyceryl stearate; cetearyl alcohol; petrolatum; and PEG-100 stearate.Embodiment 24 is the composition of Embodiment 23, wherein thecomposition comprises: 1% to 10% w/w of cyclopentasiloxane; 1% to 10%w/w of hydrogenated polyisobutene; 1% to 10% w/w of butylene glycol; 1%to 10% w/w of dimethicone; 0.5% to 5% w/w of octyldodecyl myristate;0.5% to 5% w/w of arachidyl alcohol; 0.5% to 5% w/w of glycerylstearate; 0.1% to 3% w/w of cetearyl alcohol; 0.1% to 3% w/w ofpetrolatum; and 0.1% to 3% w/w of PEG-100 stearate. Embodiment 25 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 23 to 24, wherein the compositionfurther comprises: behenyl alcohol; ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VPcopolymer; arachidyl glucoside; dimethicone/vinyl dimethiconecrosspolymer; chlorphenesin; and disodium EDTA. Embodiment 26 is thecomposition of Embodiment 25, wherein the composition comprises: 0.1% to3% w/w of behenyl alcohol; 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of ammoniumacryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer; 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of arachidylglucoside; 0.1% to 1% w/w of dimethicone/vinyl dimethicone crosspolymer;0.05% to 0.5% w/w of chlorphenesin; and 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodiumEDTA. Embodiment 27 is the composition of any of Embodiments 23 to 26,wherein the composition further comprises Opuntia tuna fruit extract.Embodiment 28 is the composition of Embodiment 27, wherein thecomposition comprises 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract.Embodiment 29 is the composition of any of Embodiments 23 to 28, whereinthe composition is formulated as a moisturizer. Embodiment 30 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 13 to 22, wherein the compositionfurther comprises: glyceryl stearate; petrolatum; stearic acid; cetylalcohol; lauryl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer; andstearyl alcohol. Embodiment 31 is the composition of Embodiment 30,wherein the composition comprises: 1% to 10% w/w of glyceryl stearate;1% to 10% w/w of petrolatum; 0.5% to 5% w/w of stearic acid; 0.5% to 5%w/w of cetyl alcohol; 0.1% to 3% w/w of lauryl methacrylate/glycoldimethacrylate crosspolymer; and 0.1% to 3% w/w of stearyl alcohol.Embodiment 32 is the composition of any of Embodiments 30 to 31, whereinthe composition further comprises: triethanolamine; dimethicone;titanium dioxide; betaine; carbomer; behenyl alcohol; disodium EDTA; andpalmitic acid. Embodiment 33 is the composition of Embodiment 32,wherein the composition comprises: 0.1% to 3% w/w of triethanolamine;0.1% to 3% w/w of dimethicone; 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of titanium dioxide;0.1% to 1.5% w/w of betaine; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer; 0.05% to0.5% w/w of behenyl alcohol; 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodium EDTA; and0.01% to 0.5% w/w of palmitic acid. Embodiment 34 is the composition ofany of Embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the composition further comprisesOpuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 35 is the composition ofEmbodiment 34, wherein the composition comprises 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w ofOpuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 36 is the composition of any ofEmbodiments 30 to 35, wherein the composition is formulated as a mask.Embodiment 37 is the composition of any of Embodiments 13 to 22, whereinthe composition further comprises: propanediol; caprylic/caprictriglyceride; silica; cetearyl alcohol; Butyrospermum parkii (shea)butter; and glyceryl stearate. Embodiment 38 is the composition ofEmbodiment 37, wherein the composition comprises: 5% to 20% w/w ofpropanediol; 5% to 15% w/w of caprylic/capric triglyceride; 1% to 10%w/w of silica; 0.5% to 5% w/w of cetearyl alcohol; 0.1% to 3% w/w ofButyrospermum parkii (shea) butter; and 0.1% to 3% w/w of glycerylstearate. Embodiment 39 is the composition of any of Embodiments 37 to38, wherein the composition further comprises: PEG-100 stearate;hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl taurate copolymer;bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2; squalene; isohexadecane; caprylylglycol; chlorphenesin; tocopherol; dipotassium glycyrrhizate; andpolysorbate 60. Embodiment 40 is the composition of Embodiment 39,wherein the composition comprises: 0.1% to 3% w/w of PEG-100 stearate;0.1% to 3% w/w of hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl tauratecopolymer; 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2; 0.1% to1.5% w/w of squalene; 0.1% to 1% w/w of isohexadecane; 0.1% to 1% w/w ofcaprylyl glycol; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of chlorphenesin; 0.01% to 0.5% w/wof tocopherol; 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of dipotassium glycyrrhizate; and 0.01%to 0.5% w/w of polysorbate 60. Embodiment 41 is the composition of anyof Embodiments 37 to 40, wherein the composition further comprises asunscreen agent. Embodiment 42 is the composition of any of Embodiments37 to 41, wherein the composition comprises: octinoxate; homosalate; andoxybenzone. Embodiment 43 is the composition of Embodiment 42, whereinthe composition comprises: 5% to 15% w/w of octinoxate; 1% to 10% w/w ofhomosalate; and 0.5% to 5% w/w of oxybenzone. Embodiment 44 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 37 to 43, wherein the compositionfurther comprises Opuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 45 is thecomposition of Embodiment 44, wherein the composition comprises 0.0001%to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 46 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 37 to 45, wherein the composition isformulated as a foundation. Embodiment 47 is the composition of any ofEmbodiments 13 to 22, wherein the composition further comprises: PEG-40hydrogenated castor oil; chlorphenesin; carbomer; polysorbate 20;triethanolamine; and hydrolyzed jojoba esters. Embodiment 48 is thecomposition of Embodiment 47, wherein the composition comprises: 0.1% to1% w/w of PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w ofchlorphenesin; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w ofpolysorbate 20; 0.01% to 0.05% w/w of triethanolamine; and 0.01% to0.05% w/w of hydrolyzed jojoba esters. Embodiment 49 is the compositionof any of Embodiments 47 to 48, wherein the composition furthercomprises Opuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 50 is the compositionof Embodiment 49, wherein the composition comprises 0.0001% to 0.1% w/wof Opuntia tuna fruit extract. Embodiment 51 is the composition of anyof Embodiments 47 to 50, wherein the composition is formulated as afreshener. Embodiment 52 is the composition of any of Embodiments 13 to22, wherein the composition further comprises: petrolatum; PEG-6caprylic/capric glycerides; glyceryl stearate; Butyrospermum parkii(shea) butter; cetyl alcohol; and stearyl alcohol. Embodiment 53 is thecomposition of Embodiment 52, wherein the composition comprises: 1% to15% w/w of petrolatum; 1% to 10% w/w of PEG-6 caprylic/capricglycerides; 1% to 10% w/w of glyceryl stearate; 1% to 10% w/w ofButyrospermum parkii (shea) butter; 0.5% to 5% w/w of cetyl alcohol; and0.1% to 3% w/w of stearyl alcohol. Embodiment 54 is the composition ofany of Embodiments 52 to 53, wherein the composition further comprises:propylene glycol; cetearyl alcohol; triethanolamine; pentaerythrityltetraisostearate; betaine; ceteth-20 phosphate; methylparaben;hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; dicetyl phosphate; dimethicone; BHT;carbomer; hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin; disodium EDTA; and dipotassiumglycyrrhizate. Embodiment 55 is the composition of Embodiment 54,wherein the composition comprises: 0.1% to 3% w/w of propylene glycol;0.1% to 3% w/w of cetearyl alcohol; 0.1% to 1.5% w/w of triethanolamine;0.1% to 1.5% w/w of pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate; 0.1% to 1.5% w/wof betaine; 0.1% to 1% w/w of ceteth-20 phosphate; 0.05% to 1% w/w ofmethylparaben; 0.1% to 1% w/w of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; 0.05% to0.5% w/w of dicetyl phosphate; 0.05% to 0.5% w/w of dimethicone; 0.05%to 0.5% w/w of BHT; 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of carbomer; 0.01% to 0.5% w/w ofhydroxypropyl cyclodextrin; 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of disodium EDTA; and0.01% to 0.5% w/w of dipotassium glycyrrhizate. Embodiment 56 is thecomposition of any of Embodiments 52 to 55, wherein the compositionfurther comprises caprylyl glycol and decylene glycol. Embodiment 57 isthe composition of Embodiment 56, wherein the composition comprises0.05% to 0.5% w/w of caprylyl glycol and 0.01% to 0.5% w/w of decyleneglycol. Embodiment 58 is the composition of any of Embodiments 52 to 57,wherein the composition further comprises Opuntia tuna fruit extract.Embodiment 59 is the composition of Embodiment 58, wherein thecomposition comprises 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of Opuntia tuna fruit extract.Embodiment 60 is the composition of any of Embodiments 52 to 59, whereinthe composition is formulated as a cleanser.

“Topical application” means to apply or spread a composition onto thesurface of lips or keratinous tissue. “Topical skin composition”includes compositions suitable for topical application on lips orkeratinous tissue. Such compositions are typicallydermatologically-acceptable in that they do not have undue toxicity,incompatibility, instability, allergic response, and the like, whenapplied to lips or skin. Topical skin care compositions of the presentinvention can have a selected viscosity to avoid significant dripping orpooling after application to skin.

“Keratinous tissue” includes keratin-containing layers disposed as theoutermost protective covering of mammals and includes, but is notlimited to, lips, skin, hair and nails.

The term “about” or “approximately” are defined as being close to asunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limitingembodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, preferably within 5%,more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

The term “substantially” and its variations are defined as being largelybut not necessarily wholly what is specified as understood by one ofordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodimentsubstantially refers to ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, orwithin 0.5%.

The terms “inhibiting” or “reducing” or any variation of these termsincludes any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve adesired result. The terms “promote” or “increase” or any variation ofthese terms includes any measurable increase or production of a proteinor molecule (e.g., matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin,collagen, or elastin or molecules such as hyaluronic acid) to achieve adesired result.

“Treating” or any variation of this term includes any measurableimprovement in a disease, condition, or symptom that is being treated oris associated with the disease, condition, or symptom being treated.

“Preventing” or any variation of this term means to slow, stop, orreverse progression toward a result. The prevention may be any slowingof the progression toward the result.

The term “effective,” as that term is used in the specification and/orclaims, means adequate to accomplish a desired, expected, or intendedresult.

The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term“comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” butit is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,”and “one or more than one.”

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (andany form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having”(and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and anyform of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing”(and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) areinclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecitedelements or method steps.

The compositions and methods for their use can “comprise,” “consistessentially of,” or “consist of” any of the ingredients or stepsdisclosed throughout the specification.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the examples,while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by wayof illustration only. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

As noted above, several of the unique aspects of the present inventionare the combination of hydrolyzed algae extract and saccharide isomeratein a topical composition and the use of such compositions to moisturizeand/or improve the appearance and/or condition of skin and/or hair,decrease skin permeability, increase filaggrin production, increase skinmoisture, increase occludin production, inhibit TNFα production, and/orprevent oxidative damage. This allows for the benefits of stable topicalcompositions with the benefits outlined.

Some embodiments are designed to work as a moisturizer. An example ofsuch a composition is provided in Example 1, Table 1. Some embodimentsare designed to work as a mask. An example of such a composition isprovided in Example 1, Table 2. Some embodiments are designed to work asa foundation. An example of such a composition is provided in Example 1,Table 3. Some embodiments are designed to work as a freshener. Anexample of such a composition is provided in Example 1, Table 4. Someembodiments are designed to work as a cleanser. An example of such acomposition is provided in Example 1, Tables 5 and 6.

These and other non-limiting aspects of the present invention areprovided in the following subsections.

A. Determining Skin-Type

The compositions of the present invention utilize unique combinations ofingredients, which can be used to create a formulation for a particularskin type (e.g., normal, dry, oily, or combination skin). Thecompositions of the present invention, however, can be used across allskin types while reducing any skin irritating effects. For instance, theunique combination of ingredients disclosed herein can be used for, butis not limited to use for, dry skin and/or hair.

The following are non-limiting examples of how skin type may bedetermined. There are also other well-known methods for determining aperson's skin type. There are three main skin types: (1) normal skin;(2) dry skin; and (3) oily skin. A fourth skin type is simply acombination of any one of normal, dry, or oily skin (e.g., normal/dry,normal/oily, oily/dry).

Normal skin, for instance, can be identified as having a smooth textureand no greasy patches or flaky areas. Therefore, a product that canretain skin moisture in its present form can be used to maintain theappearance of normal skin.

As for dry skin, it has a low level of sebum production from sebaceousglands and is prone to irritation or erythema. The appearance of dryskin has a parched look caused by the skin's inability to retainmoisture. Oftentimes it feels “tight” and uncomfortable after washingand is prone to chapping, flaking, and cracking. Dry skin can beexacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, allof which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. Dry skintypically has a dull appearance. Therefore, a product that deliverappropriate hydration and restore moisture to dry skin can be used tocounteract the effects of dry skin.

With respect to oily skin, such skin is shiny, thick and dull colored.It feels oily and has coarse pores and pimples and other unsightlyblemishes due to overproduction of sebum from sebaceous glands and fromclogged/blocked pores. In this regard, oily skin usually has oilproducing sebaceous glands that are overactive and produce more oil thanis needed. The oil oozes and gives the skin a greasy shine. The poresare enlarged and the skin has a coarse look. Therefore, a product thatcan help control skin surface oiliness while also retaining appropriateskin moisture can be used to counteract the effects of oily skin.

As noted above, combination skin is a combination of both oily, dry,and/or normal skin (e.g., normal/dry, oily/dry, normal/oily). Foroily/dry skin, there is typically a greasy center panel consisting ofnose, forehead and chin (also known as the “T-zone” of a person's face)and a dry panel consisting of cheeks, mouth and the areas around theeyes. Therefore, a product that can control the excess oil production insebaceous glands in the T-zone while also hydrating the dry skin areasoutside of the T-zone can be used for such oily/dry skin.

Once a particular skin-type is identified, a person can then select anappropriate composition to correct or maintain the skin-type.

B. Combination of Ingredients

It has been found that a combination of ingredients—hydrolyzed algaeextract and saccharide isomerate—can be used to moisturize and/orimprove the appearance and/or condition of skin and/or hair. Theseingredients are discussed in more detail below.

Hydrolyzed algae extract contains exopolysaccharides of Halymeniadurvillei. In some embodiments this ingredient is an aqueous extraction.In some embodiments this ingredient is commercially available, e.g.,from Greentech Biotechnologies, which provides hydrolyzed algae extractunder the trade name Xcell-30® SN. It has been determined that thisingredient can be used to increases production of filaggrin, increasesskin moisture, increases production of occludin, and decreases skinpermeability.

Saccharide isomerate is an exopolysaccharide synthesized by amicro-organism called Vibrio alginolyticus and belonging to the familyof Thalasso plankton. In some embodiments this ingredient iscommercially available, e.g., from Barnet, which provides saccharideisomerate under the trade name Benoiderm. It has been determined thatthis ingredient can be used to increase production of filaggrin,increase skin moisture, increase production of occludin, inhibit TNFαproduction, and prevent oxidative damage.

The extracts described herein can be extracts made through extractionmethods known in the art and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examplesof extraction methods include the use of liquid-liquid extraction, solidphase extraction, aqueous extraction, ethyl acetate, alcohol, acetone,oil, supercritical carbon dioxide, heat, pressure, pressure dropextraction, ultrasonic extraction, etc. Extracts can be a liquid, solid,dried liquid, re-suspended solid, etc.

C. Amounts of Ingredients

It is contemplated that the compositions of the present invention caninclude any amount of the ingredients discussed in this specification.The compositions can also include any number of combinations ofadditional ingredients described throughout this specification (e.g.,pigments, or additional cosmetic or pharmaceutical ingredients). Theconcentrations of the any ingredient within the compositions can vary.In non-limiting embodiments, for example, the compositions can comprise,consisting essentially of, or consist of, in their final form, forexample, at least about 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%,0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%,0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%,0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%,0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%,0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%,0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%,0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%,0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%,0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%,0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%,0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%,0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%,0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%,0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%,0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%,0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%,0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%,0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%,0.0550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%,0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%,0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%,1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%,3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%,4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%,5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%,6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%,7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%,9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%,13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%,27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, or 99% or any range derivable therein, of at least one of theingredients that are mentioned throughout the specification and claims.In non-limiting aspects, the percentage can be calculated by weight orvolume of the total composition. A person of ordinary skill in the artwould understand that the concentrations can vary depending on theaddition, substitution, and/or subtraction of ingredients in a givencomposition.

D. Vehicles

The compositions of the present invention can include or be incorporatedinto all types of vehicles and carriers. The vehicle or carrier can be apharmaceutically or dermatologically acceptable vehicle or carrier.Non-limiting examples of vehicles or carriers include water, glycerin,alcohol, oil, a silicon containing compound, a silicone compound, andwax. Variations and other appropriate vehicles will be apparent to theskilled artisan and are appropriate for use in the present invention. Incertain aspects, the concentrations and combinations of the compounds,ingredients, and agents can be selected in such a way that thecombinations are chemically compatible and do not form complexes whichprecipitate from the finished product.

E. Structure

The compositions of the present invention can be structured orformulated into a variety of different forms. Non-limiting examplesinclude emulsions (e.g., water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water,oil-in-water, silicone-in-water, water-in-silicone, oil-in-water-in-oil,oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions), creams, lotions, solutions (bothaqueous and hydro-alcoholic), anhydrous bases (such as lipsticks andpowders), gels, masks, peels, and ointments. Variations and otherstructures will be apparent to the skilled artisan and are appropriatefor use in the present invention.

F. Additional Ingredients

In addition to the combination of ingredients disclosed by theinventors, the compositions can also include additional ingredients suchas cosmetic ingredients and pharmaceutical active ingredients.Non-limiting examples of these additional ingredients are described inthe following subsections.

1. Cosmetic Ingredients

The CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook (2004and 2008) describes a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic ingredientsthat can be used in the context of the present invention. Examples ofthese ingredient classes include: fragrance agents (artificial andnatural; e.g., gluconic acid, phenoxyethanol, and triethanolamine), dyesand color ingredients (e.g., Blue 1, Blue 1 Lake, Red 40, titaniumdioxide, D&C blue no. 4, D&C green no. 5, D&C orange no. 4, D&C red no.17, D&C red no. 33, D&C violet no. 2, D&C yellow no. 10, and D&C yellowno. 11), flavoring agents/aroma agents (e.g., Stevia rebaudiana(sweetleaf) extract, and menthol), adsorbents, lubricants, solvents,moisturizers (including, e.g., emollients, humectants, film formers,occlusive agents, and agents that affect the natural moisturizationmechanisms of the skin), water-repellants, UV absorbers (physical andchemical absorbers such as para-aminobenzoic acid (“PABA”) andcorresponding PABA derivatives, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc.),essential oils, vitamins (e.g., A, B, C, D, E, and K), trace metals(e.g., zinc, calcium and selenium), anti-irritants (e.g., steroids andnon-steroidal anti-inflammatories), botanical extracts (e.g., Aloe vera,chamomile, cucumber extract, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and rosemary),anti-microbial agents, antioxidants (e.g., BHT and tocopherol),chelating agents (e.g., disodium EDTA and tetrasodium EDTA),preservatives (e.g., methylparaben and propylparaben), pH adjusters(e.g., sodium hydroxide and citric acid), absorbents (e.g., aluminumstarch octenylsuccinate, kaolin, corn starch, oat starch, cyclodextrin,talc, and zeolite), skin bleaching and lightening agents (e.g.,hydroquinone and niacinamide lactate), humectants (e.g., sorbitol, urea,methyl gluceth-20, plankton extract, and mannitol), exfoliants,waterproofing agents (e.g., magnesium/aluminum hydroxide stearate), skinconditioning agents (e.g., aloe extracts, allantoin, bisabolol,ceramides, dimethicone, hyaluronic acid, biosaccharide gum-1,ethylhexylglycerin, pentylene glycol, hydrogenated polydecene,octyldodecyl oleate, and dipotassium glycyrrhizate). Non-limitingexamples of some of these ingredients are provided in the followingsubsections.

a. UV Absorption Agents

UV absorption agents that can be used in combination with thecompositions of the present invention include chemical and physicalsunblocks. Non-limiting examples of chemical sunblocks that can be usedinclude para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters (glyceryl PABA,amyldimethyl PABA and octyldimethyl PABA), butyl PABA, ethyl PABA, ethyldihydroxypropyl PABA, benzophenones (oxybenzone, sulisobenzone,benzophenone, and benzophenone-1 through 12), cinnamates (octylmethoxycinnamate, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate, octylmethoxy cinnamate,cinoxate, diisopropyl methyl cinnamate, DEA-methoxycinnamate, ethyldiisopropylcinnamate, glyceryl octanoate dimethoxycinnamate and ethylmethoxycinnamate), cinnamate esters, salicylates (homomethyl salicylate,benzyl salicylate, glycol salicylate, isopropylbenzyl salicylate, etc.),anthranilates, ethyl urocanate, homosalate, octisalate, dibenzoylmethanederivatives (e.g., avobenzone), octocrylene, octyl triazone, digalloyltrioleate, glyceryl aminobenzoate, lawsone with dihydroxyacetone,ethylhexyl triazone, dioctyl butamido triazone, benzylidene malonatepolysiloxane, terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, disodium phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexylbenzoate, bis diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl benzoate, bisbenzoxazoylphenyl ethylhexylimino triazine, drometrizole trisiloxane,methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol, andbis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyltriazine, 4-methylbenzylidenecamphor, and isopentyl 4-methoxycinnamate. Non-limiting examples ofphysical sunblocks include, kaolin, talc, petrolatum and metal oxides(e.g., titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).

b. Moisturizing Agents

Non-limiting examples of moisturizing agents that can be used with thecompositions of the present invention include amino acids, chondroitinsulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose, glucose, glycerin, glycerolpolymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, honey, hyaluronic acid,hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol,maltitol, maltose, mannitol, natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15butanediol, plankton extract, polyglyceryl sorbitol, salts ofpyrrolidone carboxylic acid, potassium PCA, propylene glycol, sodiumglucuronate, sodium PCA, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, urea, andxylitol.

Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol,alanine, algae extract, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe barbadensis extract, Aloebarbadensis gel, Althea officinalis extract, apricot (Prunus armeniaca)kernel oil, arginine, arginine aspartate, Arnica montana extract,aspartic acid, avocado (Persea gratissima) oil, barrier sphingolipids,butyl alcohol, beeswax, behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, birch (Betulaalba) bark extract, borage (Borago officinalis) extract, butcherbroom(Ruscus aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol, Calendula officinalisextract, Calendula officinalis oil, candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax,canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamom (Elettariacardamomum) oil, carnauba (Copernicia cerifera) wax, carrot (Daucuscarota sativa) oil, castor (Ricinus communis) oil, ceramides, ceresin,ceteareth-5, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl octanoate, ceteth-20,ceteth-24, cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, chamomile(Anthemis nobilis) oil, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, cholesterylhydroxystearate, citric acid, clary (Salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa(Theobroma cacao) butter, coco-caprylate/caprate, coconut (Cocosnucifera) oil, collagen, collagen amino acids, corn (Zea mays) oil,fatty acids, decyl oleate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyladipate, dioctyl succinate, dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate,DNA, erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate, Eucalyptus globulusoil, evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil, fatty acids, Geraniummaculatum oil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate, glutamic acid,glycereth-26, glycerin, glycerol, glyceryl distearate, glycerylhydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glycerylmyristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate SE,glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE, glycosaminoglycans, grape(Vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (Corylus americana) nut oil, hazel(Corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, hybridsafflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, hydrogenated castor oil,hydrogenated coco-glycerides, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenatedlanolin, hydrogenated lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride,hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenatedtallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen,hydrolyzed elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin,hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline, isocetylstearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate, isopropylisostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate, isopropylpalmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearamide DEA, isostearic acid,isostearyl lactate, isostearyl neopentanoate, jasmine (Jasminumofficinale) oil, jojoba (Buxus chinensis) oil, kelp, kukui (Aleuritesmoluccana) nut oil, lactamide MEA, laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate,lanolin, lanolin acid, lanolin alcohol, lanolin oil, lanolin wax,lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (Citrus medicalimonum) oil, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, Macadamia ternifolia nutoil, maltitol, matricaria (Chamomilla recutita) oil, methyl glucosesesquistearate, methylsilanol PCA, mineral oil, mink oil, mortierellaoil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl propionate,neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, octyldodecanol, octyldodecylmyristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, octyl hydroxystearate, octylpalmitate, octyl salicylate, octyl stearate, oleic acid, olive (Oleaeuropaea) oil, orange (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil, palm (Elaeisguineensis) oil, palmitic acid, pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethylether, paraffin, PCA, peach (Prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (Arachishypogaea) oil, PEG-8 C12-18 ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate,PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glycerylstearate, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil,PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate,PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10 soy sterol, PEG-2stearate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32 stearate, PEG-40stearate, PEG-50 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-150 stearate,pentadecalactone, peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil, petrolatum,phospholipids, plankton extract, polyamino sugar condensate,polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate, polyquaternium-24, polysorbate 20,polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85,potassium myristate, potassium palmitate, propylene glycol, propyleneglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, propylene glycol dioctanoate, propyleneglycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol laurate, propylene glycolstearate, propylene glycol stearate SE, PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate,retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice (Oryza sativa) bran oil, RNA, rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) oil, rose oil, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)oil, sage (Salvia officinalis) oil, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil,serine, serum protein, sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, shea butter(Butyrospermum parkii), silk powder, sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodiumhyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodium palmitate, sodium PCA, sodiumpolyglutamate, soluble collagen, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan oleate,sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitol,soybean (Glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids, squalane, squalene,stearamide MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearoxy dimethicone,stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, stearyl glycyrrhetinate,stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedoil, sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus dulcis) oil, synthetic beeswax,tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tribehenin,tridecyl neopentanoate, tridecyl stearate, triethanolamine, tristearin,urea, vegetable oil, water, waxes, wheat (Triticum vulgare) germ oil,and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) oil.

c. Antioxidants

Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with thecompositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine, ascorbicacid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanolpectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, BHT, t-butylhydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCI, diamylhydroquinone,di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopherylmethylsilanol, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate,ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters ofascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters,hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium ascorbate,magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate, natural botanicalanti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed extracts,nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid,potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, propylgallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite,sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxidedismutase, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol,thiodiglycolamide, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolacticacid, thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12,tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocopherol, tocophersolan, tocopherylacetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopherylsuccinate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite.

d. Structuring Agents

In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present inventioncan include a structuring agent. Structuring agent, in certain aspects,assist in providing rheological characteristics to the composition tocontribute to the composition's stability. In other aspects, structuringagents can also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limitingexamples of structuring agents include stearic acid, palmitic acid,stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, thepolyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an average of about1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the polyethylene glycol ether ofcetyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 5 ethylene oxideunits, and mixtures thereof.

e. Emulsifiers

In certain aspects of the present invention, the compositions do notinclude an emulsifier. In other aspects, however, the compositions caninclude one or more emulsifiers. Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacialtension between phases and improve the formulation and stability of anemulsion. The emulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, andzwitterionic emulsifiers (See McCutcheon's (1986); U.S. Pat. Nos.5,011,681; 4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include estersof glycerin, esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters ofpolyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol, estersof sorbitol, esters of sorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid copolymers,esters and ethers of glucose, ethoxylated ethers, ethoxylated alcohols,alkyl phosphates, polyoxyethylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acidamides, acyl lactylates, soaps, TEA stearate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate,polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20),polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol, steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21,ceteareth-20, cetearyl glucoside, cetearyl alcohol, C12-13 pareth-3,PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, PPG-5-ceteth-20,bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 dimethicone, ceteth-10, polysorbate 80, cetylphosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl phosphate,polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, arachidyl alcohol,arachidyl glucoside, and mixtures thereof.

f. Silicone Containing Compounds

In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds include anymember of a family of polymeric products whose molecular backbone ismade up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with side groupsattached to the silicon atoms. By varying the —Si—O— chain lengths, sidegroups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized into a widevariety of materials. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel tosolids.

The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the context of thepresent invention include those described in this specification or thoseknown to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examplesinclude silicone oils (e.g., volatile and non-volatile oils), gels, andsolids. In certain aspects, the silicon containing compounds includes asilicone oils such as a polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples ofpolyorganosiloxanes include dimethicone, cyclomethicone,polysilicone-11, phenyl trimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone,stearoxytrimethylsilane, or mixtures of these and other organosiloxanematerials in any given ratio in order to achieve the desired consistencyand application characteristics depending upon the intended application(e.g., to a particular area such as the skin, hair, or eyes). A“volatile silicone oil” includes a silicone oil have a low heat ofvaporization, i.e. normally less than about 50 cal per gram of siliconeoil. Non-limiting examples of volatile silicone oils include:cyclomethicones such as Dow Corning 344 Fluid, Dow Corning 345 Fluid,Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and Dow Corning 245 Fluid, Volatile Silicon 7207(Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones, i.e.dimethicones having a viscosity of about 50 cst or less (e.g.,dimethicones such as Dow Corning 200-0.5 cst Fluid). The Dow CorningFluids are available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are described in the Third Edition of theCTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (incorporated by reference) ascyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compounds and a mixture of fully methylatedlinear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units,respectively. Other non-limiting volatile silicone oils that can be usedin the context of the present invention include those available fromGeneral Electric Co., Silicone Products Div., Waterford, N.Y. and SWSSilicones Div. of Stauffer Chemical Co., Adrian, Mich.

g. Essential Oils

Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers, trees, andother plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny droplets betweenthe plant's cells, and can be extracted by several method known to thoseof skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled, enfleurage (i.e., extractionby using fat), maceration, solvent extraction, or mechanical pressing).When these types of oils are exposed to air they tend to evaporate(i.e., a volatile oil). As a result, many essential oils are colorless,but with age they can oxidize and become darker. Essential oils areinsoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils(vegetal), and other organic solvents. Typical physical characteristicsfound in essential oils include boiling points that vary from about 160°to 240° C. and densities ranging from about 0.759 to about 1.096.

Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which the oil isfound. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil are derived from rose orpeppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting examples of essential oilsthat can be used in the context of the present invention include sesameoil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree oil, evening primrose oil, Spanish sageoil, Spanish rosemary oil, coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berriesoil, rose oil, anise oil, balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedaroil, chamomile oil, sage oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil,eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geraniumoil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil,lemon oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrhoil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black pepperoil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil, sandalwoodoil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, orylang ylang. Other essential oils known to those of skill in the art arealso contemplated as being useful within the context of the presentinvention.

h. Thickening Agents

Thickening agents, including thickener or gelling agents, includesubstances which that can increase the viscosity of a composition.Thickeners includes those that can increase the viscosity of acomposition without substantially modifying the efficacy of the activeingredient within the composition. Thickeners can also increase thestability of the compositions of the present invention. In certainaspects of the present invention, thickeners include hydrogenatedpolyisobutene, trihydroxystearin, ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/vpcopolymer, or a mixture of them.

Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that can be usedin the context of the present invention include carboxylic acidpolymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers,polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of carboxylic acid polymers includecrosslinked compounds containing one or more monomers derived fromacrylic acid, substituted acrylic acids, and salts and esters of theseacrylic acids and the substituted acrylic acids, wherein thecrosslinking agent contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds andis derived from a polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445;4,509,949; 2,798,053; CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary,Fourth edition, 1991, pp. 12 and 80). Examples of commercially availablecarboxylic acid polymers include carbomers, which are homopolymers ofacrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ethers of sucrose or pentaerytritol(e.g., Carbopol™ 900 series from B. F. Goodrich).

Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers includecationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,100,660; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078; 4,599,379).

Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including nonionicpolyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or unbranchedpolymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and laureth-7, multi-blockcopolymers of acrylamides and substituted acrylamides with acrylic acidsand substituted acrylic acids.

Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose,carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionatecarboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose,hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylhydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulosesulfate, and mixtures thereof. Another example is an alkyl substitutedcellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose polymer ishydroxyalkylated (preferably hydroxy ethylated or hydroxypropylated) toform a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is then further modified with aC10-C30 straight chain or branched chain alkyl group through an etherlinkage. Typically these polymers are ethers of C10-C30 straight orbranched chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other usefulpolysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of (1-3)linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three unit.

Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the presentinvention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium alginate,amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, carnitine,carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum, guar gum, guarhydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluronic acid, hydratedsilica, hydroxypropyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp,locust bean gum, natto gum, potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan,propylene glycol alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboxymethyl dextran,sodium carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.

i. Preservatives

Non-limiting examples of preservatives that can be used in the contextof the present invention include quaternary ammonium preservatives suchas polyquaternium-1 and benzalkonium halides (e.g., benzalkoniumchloride (“BAC”) and benzalkonium bromide), parabens (e.g.,methylparabens and propylparabens), phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol,chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.

2. Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Pharmaceutical active agents are also contemplated as being useful withthe compositions of the present invention. Non-limiting examples ofpharmaceutical active agents include anti-acne agents, agents used totreat rosacea, analgesics, anesthetics, anorectals, antihistamines,anti-inflammatory agents including non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimicrobials, anti-canceractives, scabicides, pediculicides, antineoplastics, antiperspirants,antipruritics, antipsoriatic agents, antiseborrheic agents, biologicallyactive proteins and peptides, burn treatment agents, cauterizing agents,depigmenting agents, depilatories, diaper rash treatment agents,enzymes, hair growth stimulants, hair growth retardants including DFMOand its salts and analogs, hemostatics, kerotolytics, canker soretreatment agents, cold sore treatment agents, dental and periodontaltreatment agents, photosensitizing actives, skin protectant/barrieragents, steroids including hormones and corticosteroids, sunburntreatment agents, sunscreen agents, transdermal actives, nasal actives,vaginal actives, wart treatment agents, wound treatment agents, woundhealing agents, etc.

G. Kits

Kits are also contemplated as being used in certain aspects of thepresent invention. For instance, compositions of the present inventioncan be included in a kit. A kit can include a container. Containers caninclude a bottle, a metal tube, a laminate tube, a plastic tube, adispenser, a pressurized container, a barrier container, a package, acompartment, a lipstick container, a compact container, cosmetic pansthat can hold cosmetic compositions, or other types of containers suchas injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which thedispersions or compositions or desired bottles, dispensers, or packagesare retained. The kit and/or container can include indicia on itssurface. The indicia, for example, can be a word, a phrase, anabbreviation, a picture, or a symbol.

The containers can dispense a pre-determined amount of the composition.In other embodiments, the container can be squeezed (e.g., metal,laminate, or plastic tube) to dispense a desired amount of thecomposition. The composition can be dispensed as a spray, an aerosol, aliquid, a fluid, or a semi-solid. The containers can have spray, pump,or squeeze mechanisms. A kit can also include instructions for employingthe kit components as well the use of any other compositions included inthe container. Instructions can include an explanation of how to apply,use, and maintain the compositions.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodimentsof the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the artthat the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow representtechniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practiceof the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferredmodes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, inlight of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can bemade in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain alike or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

Example 1

Formulations having the ingredients from Example 1 were prepared astopical skin and/or hair compositions. The formulation in Table 1 wasprepared as a moisturizer. The formulation in Table 2 was prepared as amask. The formulation in Table 3 was prepared as a foundation. Theformulation in Table 4 was prepared as a freshener. The formulations inTables 5 and 6 were prepared as cleansers.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will beapparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied tothe compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence ofsteps of the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will beapparent that certain agents which are both chemically andphysiologically related may be substituted for the agents describedherein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All suchsimilar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in theart are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

TABLE 1* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 63 Glycerin 11Cyclopentasiloxane 5 Hydrogenated polyisobutene 3 Butylene glycol 3Dimethicone 3 Octyldodecyl myristate 2 Arachidyl alcohol 2 Glycerylstearate 2 Cetearyl alcohol 1 Petrolatum 1 PEG-100 stearate 1 Behenylalcohol 0.9 Phenoxyethanol 0.9 Ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP 0.7copolymer Arachidyl glucoside 0.5 Dimethicone/vinyl dimethiconecrosspolymer 0.3 Chlorphenesin 0.2 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Hydrolyzed algaeextract 0.1 Saccharide isomerate 0.01 Fragrance (optional) 0.2 Opuntiatuna fruit extract (optional) 0.0005 Excipients** q.s. *Formulation canbe prepared by mixing the ingredients in a beaker under heat 70-75° C.until homogenous. Subsequently, the formulation can be cooled tostanding room temperature (20-25° C.). Further, and if desired,additional ingredients can be added, for example, to modify therheological properties of the composition. **Excipients can be added,for example, to modify the rheological properties of the composition.Alternatively, the amount of water can be varied so long as the amountof water in the composition is at least 50% w/w, and preferably between55 to 70% w/w.

TABLE 2* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 77 Glycerylstearate 6 Glycerin 4 Petrolatum 3 Stearic acid 2 Cetyl alcohol 2 Laurylmethacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate 1 crosspolymer Stearyl alcohol 1Phenoxyethanol 0.9 Triethanolamine 0.9 Dimethicone 0.7 Titanium dioxide0.5 Betaine 0.5 Fragrance (optional) 0.3 Carbomer 0.2 Behenyl alcohol0.2 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Hydrolyzed algae extract 0.1 Palmitic acid 0.1Saccharide isomerate 0.01 Opuntia tuna fruit extract (optional) 0.0005Excipients** q.s. *Formulation can be prepared by mixing the ingredientsin a beaker under heat 70-75° C. until homogenous. Subsequently, theformulation can be cooled to standing room temperature (20-25° C.).Further, and if desired, additional ingredients can be added, forexample, to modify the rheological properties of the composition.**Excipients can be added, for example, to modify the rheologicalproperties of the composition. Alternatively, the amount of water can bevaried so long as the amount of water in the composition is at least 60%w/w, and preferably between 60 to 75% w/w.

TABLE 3* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 37 Propanediol 13Caprylic/capric triglyceride 8 Octinoxate 7 Glycerin 6 Silica 5Homosalate 4 Cetearyl alcohol 2 Oxybenzone 2 Butyrospermum parkii (shea)butter 1 Glyceryl stearate 1 Phenoxyethanol 0.8 PEG-100 stearate 0.7Hydroxyethyl acrylate/sodium acryloyldimethyl 0.7 taurate copolymerBis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2 0.5 Squalane 0.5 Fragrance (optional)0.5 Isohexadecane 0.4 Caprylyl glycol 0.3 Chlorphenesin 0.2 Tocopherol0.1 Dipotassium glycyrrhizate 0.1 Polysorbate 60 0.1 Hydrolyzed algaeextract 0.01 Saccharide isomerate 0.001 Opuntia tuna fruit extract(optional) 0.0005 Excipients** q.s. *Formulation can be prepared bymixing the ingredients in a beaker under heat 70-75° C. untilhomogenous. Subsequently, the formulation can be cooled to standing roomtemperature (20-25° C.). Further, and if desired, additional ingredientscan be added, for example, to modify the rheological properties of thecomposition. **Excipients can be added, for example, to modify therheological properties of the composition. Alternatively, the amount ofwater can be varied so long as the amount of water in the composition isat least 25% w/w, and preferably between 30 to 50% w/w.

TABLE 4* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 93 Glycerin 5Phenoxyethanol 0.9 PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil 0.4 Chlorphenesin 0.2Carbomer 0.2 Polysorbate 20 0.2 Triethanolamine 0.1 Hydrolyzed jojobaesters 0.1 Hydrolyzed algae extracts 0.1 Fragrance (optional) 0.1Saccharide isomerate 0.01 Opuntia tuna fruit extract (optional) 0.0005Excipients** q.s. *Formulation can be prepared by mixing the ingredientsin a beaker under heat 70-75° C. until homogenous. Subsequently, theformulation can be cooled to standing room temperature (20-25° C.).Further, and if desired, additional ingredients can be added, forexample, to modify the rheological properties of the composition.**Excipients can be added, for example, to modify the rheologicalproperties of the composition. Alternatively, the amount of water can bevaried so long as the amount of water in the composition is at least 70%w/w, and preferably between 80 to 95% w/w.

TABLE 5* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 72 Petrolatum 6Glycerin 4 PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides 3 Glyceryl stearate 3Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter 3 Cetyl alcohol 2 Stearyl alcohol 1Propylene glycol 0.8 Phenoxyethanol 0.7 Cetearyl alcohol 0.6Triethanolamine 0.5 Pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate 0.5 Betaine 0.5Fragrance (optional) 0.5 Ceteth-20 phosphate 0.4 Methylparaben 0.4Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.3 Dicetyl phosphate 0.2 Dimethicone 0.2BHT 0.2 Carbomer 0.1 Hydroxypropyl cyclodextrin 0.1 Disodium EDTA 0.1Dipotassium glycyrrhizate 0.1 Hydrolyzed algae extract 0.1 Saccharideisomerate 0.01 Opuntia tuna fruit extract (optional) 0.0005 Excipients**q.s. *Formulation can be prepared by mixing the ingredients in a beakerunder heat 70-75° C. until homogenous. Subsequently, the formulation canbe cooled to standing room temperature (20-25° C.). Further, and ifdesired, additional ingredients can be added, for example, to modify therheological properties of the composition. **Excipients can be added,for example, to modify the rheological properties of the composition.Alternatively, the amount of water can be varied so long as the amountof water in the composition is at least 60% w/w, and preferably between65 to 85% w/w.

TABLE 6* % Concentration Ingredient (by weight) Water 72 Petrolatum 6Glycerin 4 PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides 3 Glyceryl stearate 3Butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter 3 Cetyl alcohol 2 Stearyl alcohol 1Phenoxyethanol 0.6 Cetearyl alcohol 0.6 Propylene glycol 0.5Triethanolamine 0.5 Pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate 0.5 Betaine 0.5Fragrance (optional) 0.5 Ceteth-20 phosphate 0.4 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 0.3 Methylparaben 0.2 Dicetyl phosphate 0.2 Caprylylglycol 0.2 Dimethicone 0.2 BHT 0.2 Carbomer 0.1 Hydroxypropylcyclodextrin 0.1 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Dipotassium glycyrrhizate 0.1Decylene glycol 0.1 Hydrolyzed algae extract 0.1 Saccharide isomerate0.01 Opuntia tuna fruit extract (optional) 0.0005 Excipients** q.s.*Formulation can be prepared by mixing the ingredients in a beaker underheat 70-75° C. until homogenous. Subsequently, the formulation can becooled to standing room temperature (20-25° C.). Further, and ifdesired, additional ingredients can be added, for example, to modify therheological properties of the composition. **Excipients can be added,for example, to modify the rheological properties of the composition.Alternatively, the amount of water can be varied so long as the amountof water in the composition is at least 60% w/w, and preferably between65 to 85% w/w.

Example 2 Efficacy of Ingredients

The efficacy of the ingredients were determined by the followingmethods. The following are non-limiting assays that can be used in thecontext of the present invention. It should be recognized that othertesting procedures can be used, including, for example, objective andsubjective procedures.

It was determined that saccharide isomerate increases keratinocyteproduction of filaggrin, increases conductance of artificial skinequivalents, increases keratinocyte production of occludin, inhibitsTNFα production from keratinocytes, and has antioxidant capacity. It wasalso determined that hydrolyzed algae extract increases keratinocyteproduction of filaggrin, increases conductance of artificial skinequivalents, increases keratinocyte production of occludin, anddecreases keratinocyte monolayer permeability. A summary of quantitativeresults is found in Table 7 and the method used to determine theproperties of the extracts are provided below.

TABLE 7 Assay Ingredient Activity Keratinocyte Production Saccharideisomerate  +28% of Filaggrin Hydrolyzed algae extract  +32% ArtificialSkin Saccharide isomerate  +79% Moisturization/Hydration Hydrolyzedalgae extract +240% Keratinocyte Production Saccharide isomerate +170%of Occludin Hydrolyzed algae extract  +39% Keratinocyte ProductionSaccharide isomerate  −88% of TNFα Antioxidant Capacity Saccharideisomerate  +36% Keratinocyte Monolayer Hydrolyzed algae extract  −30%Permeability

Production of Filaggrin—

Saccharide isomerate and hydrolyzed algae extract have each been shownto increase keratinocyte production of filaggrin. Filaggrin is theprecursor to Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF) in the skin. IncreasedNMF increases the moisture content of the skin. Filaggrin production intreated and non-treated keratinocytes were determined using a bioassaythat analyzes filaggrin concentration in keratinocyte cell lysates. Thebioassay was performed using PROTEINSIMPLE® Simon™ western blottingprotocol. It was determined that saccharide isomerate and Hydrolyzedalgae extract increased keratinocyte production of filaggrin by 28% and32%, respectively.

For the samples, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were grownin EPI-200—Mattek Epilife® growth media with calcium from LifeTechnologies (M-EP-500-CA). NHEK were incubated in growth mediumovernight at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ prior to treatment. NHEK were thenincubated in growth medium with or without 1% test compound/extract for24 to 36 hours. The NHEK were then washed, collected, and stored on iceor colder until lysed on ice using a lysis buffer and sonication. Theprotein concentrations of the samples were determined and used tonormalize the samples. The lysates were stored at −80° C. until use inthe bioassay.

Briefly, the bioassay assay employs a quantitative western blottingimmunoassay technique using an antibody specific for filaggrin toquantitatively detect filaggrin in the test samples. Cell samples werelysed and normalized for protein concentration. Normalized samples andmolecular weight standards were then loaded and ran on a denaturedprotein separation gel using capillary electrophoresis. The proteins inthe gel were immobilized and immunoprobed using a primary antibodyspecific for filaggrin. The immobilized proteins were then immunoprobedwith an enzyme-linked detection antibody that binds the primaryantibody. A chemiluminescent substrate solution was then added to theimmobilized proteins to allow chemiluminescent development in proportionto the amount of filaggrin bound in the immobilization. Thechemiluminescent development was stopped at a specific time and theintensity of the chemiluminescent signal was measured and compared topositive and negative controls.

Skin Moisturization/Hydration—

Saccharide isomerate and hydrolyzed algae extract each have been shownto increase a clinical measurement of skin moisturization using a skinmoisture/hydration assay. This assay determines impedance measurementswith the Nova Dermal Phase Meter. The impedance meter measures changesin skin moisture content. The outer layer of the skin has distinctelectrical properties. When skin is dry it conducts electricity verypoorly. As it becomes more hydrated increasing conductivity results.Consequently, changes in skin impedance (related to conductivity) can beused to assess changes in skin hydration. It was determined thatsaccharide isomerate and Hydrolyzed algae extract increased conductanceof artificial skin by 79% and 240%, respectively, indicating increasedmoisture/hydration.

For this assay, treated and non-treated artificial skin equivalents wereused. The Nova Dermal Phase Meter was calibrated according to instrumentinstructions for each testing day. A notation of temperature andrelative humidity was made for comparison purposes. Impedance wasevaluated as follows: prior to measurement, the samples were equilibratein a room with defined humidity (e.g., 30-50%) and temperature (e.g.,68-72° C.). Impedance readings were taken on each sample, recorded, andaveraged. The T5 setting were used on the impedance meter which averagesthe impedance values of every five seconds application to the sample.Changes were reported with statistical variance and significance.

Production of Occludin—

Saccharide isomerate has been shown to increase keratinocyte productionof occludin. Occludin is a protein critical to the formulation of tightjunctions and the skin's moisture barrier function. Occludin productionin treated and non-treated keratinocytes were determined using abioassay that analyzes occludin concentration in keratinocyte celllysates. The bioassay was performed using PROTEINSIMPLE® Simon™ westernblotting protocol. It was determined that saccharide isomerate andhydrolyzed algae extract increased keratinocyte production of occludinby 170% and 39% respectively.

For the samples, adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) from LifeTechnologies (C-005-5C) were grown at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 24 hours inEpilife growth media with calcium from Life Technologies (M-EP-500-CA)supplemented with Keratinocyte Growth Supplement (HKGS) from LifeTechnologies (S-101-5). HEKa were then incubated in growth medium withtest compound/extract, no compound/extract for negative control, or with1 mM CaCl₂ for positive control for 24 to 48 hours. The HEKa were thenwashed, collected, and stored on ice or colder until lysed on ice usinga lysis buffer and sonication. The protein concentrations of the sampleswere determined and used to normalize the samples. The lysates werestored at −80° C. until use in the bioassay.

Briefly, the bioassay assay employs a quantitative western blottingimmunoassay technique using an antibody specific for occludin toquantitatively detect occludin in the test samples. Cell samples werelysed and normalized for protein concentration. Normalized samples andmolecular weight standards were then loaded and ran on a denaturedprotein separation gel using capillary electrophoresis. The proteins inthe gel were immobilized and immunoprobed using a primary antibodyspecific for occludin. The immobilized proteins were then immunoprobedwith an enzyme-linked detection antibody that binds the primaryantibody. A chemiluminescent substrate solution was then added to theimmobilized proteins to allow chemiluminescent development in proportionto the amount of occludin bound in the immobilization. Thechemiluminescent development was stopped at a specific time and theintensity of the chemiluminescent signal was measured and compared topositive and negative controls.

Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α)—

Saccharide isomerate has been shown to inhibit TNF-α production inkeratinocytes. TNF-α is the prototype ligand of the TNF superfamily. Itis a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in inflammation.Increase in its expression is associated with an up regulation inpro-inflammatory activity. The bioassay used to analyze the effect ofsaccharide isomerate used a spectrophotometric measurement that reflectsthe presence of TNF-α and cellular viability. It was determined thatsaccharide isomerate inhibits TNF-α production in keratinocytes by 88%.

Subconfluent normal human adult keratinocytes (Cascade Biologics)cultivated in EpiLife standard growth medium (Cascade Biologics) at 37°C. in 5% CO2, were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 10ng/ml, Sigma Chemical, #P1585-1MG) and either saccharide isomerate(treated sample) or no additional treatment (untreated sample) for 6hours. PMA causes a dramatic increase in TNF-α secretion which peaks at6 hours after treatment. Following incubation, cell culture medium wascollected and the amount of TNF-α secretion quantified using a sandwichenzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA) from R&D Systems (#DTA00C).

Briefly, the ELISA assay employed the quantitative sandwich enzymeimmunoassay technique whereby a monoclonal antibody specific for TNF-αwas been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and treated anduntreated samples were pipetted into the microplate wells to allow anyTNF-α present to be bound by the immobilized antibody. After washingaway any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibodyspecific for TNF-α was added to the wells. Following a wash to removeany unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution was added tothe wells to allow color development in proportion to the amount ofTNF-α bound in the initial step. The color development was stopped at aspecific time and the intensity of the color at 450 nm was measuredusing a microplate reader.

Antioxidant Capacity—

Saccharide isomerate has been shown to possess antioxidant capacity. Theantioxidant system of living organisms includes enzymes such assuperoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase;macromolecules such as albumin, ceruloplasmin, and ferritin; and anarray of small molecules, including ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol,β-carotene, reduced glutathione, uric acid, and bilirubin. The sum ofendogenous and food-derived antioxidants represents the totalantioxidant activity of the extracellular fluid. Cooperation of all thedifferent antioxidants provides greater protection against attack byreactive oxygen or nitrogen radicals, than any single compound alone.Thus, the overall antioxidant capacity may give more relevant biologicalinformation compared to that obtained by the measurement of individualcomponents, as it accounts for the cumulative effect of all antioxidantspresent in plasma and body fluids. It was determined that saccharideisomerate possesses an antioxidant capacity of 36% of trolox.Antioxidant capacity indicates a capability to reduce oxidizing agents(oxidants).

Antioxidant capacity was determined by an Oxygen Radical Absorption (orAbsorbance) Capacity (ORAC) assay. This assay quantifies the degree andlength of time it takes to inhibit the action of an oxidizing agent,such as oxygen radicals, that are known to cause damage to cells (e.g.,skin cells). The ORAC value of control and Saccharide isomerate wasdetermined by the Zen-Bio ORAC Anti-oxidant Assay kit (#AOX-2). Briefly,this assay measures the loss of fluorescein fluorescence over time dueto the peroxyl-radical formation by the breakdown of AAPH(2,2′-axobis-2-methyl propanimidamide, dihydrochloride). Trolox, a watersoluble vitamin E analog, serves as positive control inhibitionfluorescein decay in a dose dependent manner.

Decreases Keratinocyte Monolayer Permeability—

Hydrolyzed algae extract has been shown to decrease keratinocytemonolayer permeability. This is a measure of skin barrier integrity.Keratinocyte monolayer permeability in treated and non-treatedkeratinocytes were determined using the In Vitro Vascular Permeabilityassay by Millipore (ECM642). This assay analyzes endothelial celladsorption, transport and permeability. It was determined thathydrolyzed algae extract decreases keratinocyte monolayer permeabilityby 30%.

Samples were tested according to the In Vitro Vascular Permeabilityassay manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, adult human epidermalkeratinocytes from Life Technologies (C-005-5C) were seeded onto aporous collagen-coated membrane within a collection well. Thekeratinocytes were incubated in Epilife growth media with calcium fromLife Technologies (M-EP-500-CA) supplemented with Keratinocyte GrowthSupplement (HKGS) from Life Technologies (S-101-5) for 24 hours at 37°C. and 5% CO₂. This incubation time allowed the cells to form amonolayer and occlude the membrane pores. The media was then replacedwith fresh media with (test sample)/without (non-treated control) testcompounds/extracts and the keratinocytes were incubated for anadditional 48 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. To determine permeability ofthe keratinocyte monolayer after incubation with/without the testcompound/extract, the media is replaced with fresh media containing ahigh molecular weight Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran and thekeratinocytes are incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. During the4 hours incubation, FITC passed through the keratinocytes monolayer andporous membrane into the collection well at a rate proportional to themonolayer's permeability. After the 4 hour incubation, cell viabilityand the content of FITC in the collection wells was determined. For theFITC content, the media in the collection well was collected andfluorescence of the media determined at 480 nm (Em) when excited at 520nm. Percent permeability and percent change in comparison to thenon-treated controls were determined by the following equations: PercentPermeability=((Mean Ex/Em of test sample)/Mean Ex/Em untreatedcontrol)*100; Percent Change=Percent Permeability of test sample−PercentPermeability of untreated control.

Example 2 Additional Assays

Assays that can be used to determine the efficacy of any one of theingredients or any combination of ingredients or compositions havingsaid combination of ingredients disclosed throughout the specificationand claims can be determined by methods known to those of ordinary skillin the art. The following are non-limiting assays that can be used inthe context of the present invention. It should be recognized that othertesting procedures can be used, including, for example, objective andsubjective procedures.

B16 Pigmentation Assay:

Melanogenesis is the process by which melanocytes produce melanin, anaturally produced pigment that imparts color to skin, hair, and eyes.Inhibiting melanogenesis is beneficial to prevent skin darkening andlighten dark spots associated with aging. This bioassay utilizes B16-F1melanocytes (ATCC), an immortalized mouse melanoma cell line, to analyzethe effect of compounds on melanogenesis. The endpoint of this assay isa spectrophotometric measurement of melanin production and cellularviability. B16-F1 melanocytes, can be cultivated in standard DMEM growthmedium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Mediatech) at 37° C. in 10% CO₂ andthen treated with any one of the active ingredients, combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification for 6 days. Following incubation, melanin secretion ismeasured by absorbance at 405 nm and cellular viability is quantified.

Collagen Stimulation Assay:

Collagen is an extracellular matrix protein critical for skin structure.Increased synthesis of collagen helps improve skin firmness andelasticity. This bioassay can be used to examine the effect of any oneof the active ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification on theproduction of procollagen peptide (a precursor to collagen) by humanepidermal fibroblasts. The endpoint of this assay is aspectrophotometric measurement that reflects the presence of procollagenpeptide and cellular viability. The assay employs the quantitativesandwich enzyme immunoassay technique whereby a monoclonal antibodyspecific for procollagen peptide has been pre-coated onto a microplate.Standards and samples can be pipetted into the wells and any procollagenpeptide present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing awayany unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specificfor procollagen peptide can be added to the wells. Following a wash toremove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution can beadded to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount ofprocollagen peptide bound in the initial step using a microplate readerfor detection at 450 nm. The color development can be stopped and theintensity of the color can be measured. Subconfluent normal human adultepidermal fibroblasts (Cascade Biologics) cultivated in standard DMEMgrowth medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (Mediatech) at 37° C. in 10%CO₂, can be treated with each of the combination of ingredients orcompositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification for3 days. Following incubation, cell culture medium can be collected andthe amount of procollagen peptide secretion quantified using a sandwichenzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA) from Takara (#MK101).

Elastin Stimulation Assay:

Elastin is a connective tissue protein that helps skin resume shapeafter stretching or contracting. Elastin is also an importantload-bearing protein used in places where mechanical energy is requiredto be stored. Elastin is made by linking many soluble tropoelastinprotein molecules, in a reaction catalyzed by lysyl oxidase. Elastinsecretion and elastin fibers can be monitored in cultured humanfibroblasts by staining of cultured human fibroblasts usingimmunofluorescent antibodies directed against elastin.

Laminin Stimulation Assay:

Laminin and fibronectin are major proteins in the dermal-epidermaljunction (DEJ) (also referred to as the basement membrane). The DEJ islocated between the dermis and the epidermis interlocks formingfingerlike projections called rete ridges. The cells of the epidermisreceive their nutrients from the blood vessels in the dermis. The reteridges increase the surface area of the epidermis that is exposed tothese blood vessels and the needed nutrients. The DEJ provides adhesionof the two tissue compartments and governs the structural integrity ofthe skin. Laminin and fibronectin are two structural glycoproteinslocated in the DEJ. Considered the glue that holds the cells together,laminin and fibronectin are secreted by dermal fibroblasts to helpfacilitate intra- and inter-cellular adhesion of the epidermal calls tothe DEJ. Laminin secretion can be monitored by quantifying laminin incell supernatants of cultured human fibroblasts treated for 3 days withculture medium with or without 1.0% final concentration of the testingredient(s). Following incubation, laminin content can be measuredusing immunofluorescent antibodies directed against laminin in an enzymelinked immuno-sorbant assay (ELISA). Measurements are normalized forcellular metabolic activity, as determined by bioconversion of3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium(MT S).

Antioxidant (AO) Assay:

An in vitro bioassay that measures the total anti-oxidant capacity ofany one of the ingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification. The assayrelies on the ability of antioxidants in the sample to inhibit theoxidation of ABTS® (2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) toABTS®+ by metmyoglobin. The antioxidant system of living organismsincludes enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathioneperoxidase; macromolecules such as albumin, ceruloplasmin, and ferritin;and an array of small molecules, including ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol,β-carotene, reduced glutathione, uric acid, and bilirubin. The sum ofendogenous and food-derived antioxidants represents the totalantioxidant activity of the extracellular fluid. Cooperation of all thedifferent antioxidants provides greater protection against attack byreactive oxygen or nitrogen radicals, than any single compound alone.Thus, the overall antioxidant capacity may give more relevant biologicalinformation compared to that obtained by the measurement of individualcomponents, as it considers the cumulative effect of all antioxidantspresent in plasma and body fluids. The capacity of the antioxidants inthe sample to prevent ABTS oxidation is compared with that of Trolox, awater-soluble tocopherol analogue, and is quantified as molar Troloxequivalents. Anti-Oxidant capacity kit #709001 from Cayman Chemical (AnnArbor, Mich. USA) can be used as an in vitro bioassay to measure thetotal anti-oxidant capacity of each of any one of the activeingredients, combination of ingredients, or compositions having saidcombinations disclosed in the specification. The protocol can befollowed according to manufacturer recommendations. The assay relied onantioxidants in the sample to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS®(2,2′-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate]) to ABTS®.+ bymetmyoglobin. The capacity of the antioxidants in the sample to preventABTS oxidation can be compared with that Trolox, a water-solubletocopherol analogue, and can be quantified as a molar Trolox equivalent.

Mushroom Tyrosinase Activity Assay:

In mammalian cells, tyrosinase catalyzes two steps in the multi-stepbiosynthesis of melanin pigments from tyrosine (and from thepolymerization of dopachrome). Tyrosinase is localized in melanocytesand produces melanin (aromatic quinone compounds) that imparts color toskin, hair, and eyes. Purified mushroom tyrosinase (Sigma) can beincubated with its substrate L-Dopa (Fisher) in the presence or absenceof each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification. Pigment formation can be evaluated by colorimetric platereading at 490 nm. The percent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinaseactivity can be calculated compared to non-treated controls to determinethe ability of test ingredients or combinations thereof to inhibit theactivity of purified enzyme. Test extract inhibition was compared withthat of kojic acid (Sigma).

Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 and 9 Enzyme Activity (MMP3; MMP9) Assay:

An in vitro matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibition assay. MMPs areextracellular proteases that play a role in many normal and diseasestates by virtue of their broad substrate specificity. MMP3 substratesinclude collagens, fibronectins, and laminin; while MMP9 substratesinclude collagen VII, fibronectins and laminin. Using Colorimetric DrugDiscovery kits from BioMol International for MMP3 (AK-400) and MMP-9(AK-410), this assay is designed to measure protease activity of MMPsusing a thiopeptide as a chromogenic substrate(Ac-PLG-[2-mercapto-4-methyl-pentanoyl]-LG-OC2H5)5,6. The MMP cleavagesite peptide bond is replaced by a thioester bond in the thiopeptide.Hydrolysis of this bond by an MMP produces a sulfhydryl group, whichreacts with DTNB [5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), Ellman's reagent]to form 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid, which can be detected by itsabsorbance at 412 nm (ε=13,600 M-1 cm-1 at pH 6.0 and above 7). Theactive ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, orcompositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification canbe assayed.

Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Enzyme Activity (MMP1) Assay:

An in vitro matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibition assay. MMPs areextracellular proteases that play a role in many normal and diseasestates by virtue of their broad substrate specificity. MMP1 substratesinclude collagen IV. The Molecular Probes Enz/ChekGelatinase/Collagenase Assay kit (#E12055) utilizes a fluorogenicgelatin substrate to detect MMP1 protease activity. Upon proteolyticcleavage, bright green fluorescence is revealed and may be monitoredusing a fluorescent microplate reader to measure enzymatic activity. TheEnz/Chek Gelatinase/Collagenase Assay kit (#E12055) from Invitrogen isdesigned as an in vitro assay to measure MMP1 enzymatic activity. Theactive ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, orcompositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification canbe assayed. The assay relies upon the ability of purified MMP1 enzyme todegrade a fluorogenic gelatin substrate. Once the substrate isspecifically cleaved by MMP1 bright green fluorescence is revealed andmay be monitored using a fluorescent microplate reader. Test materialsare incubated in the presence or absence of the purified enzyme andsubstrate to determine their protease inhibitor capacity.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) Assay:

An in vitro cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1, -2) inhibition assay. COX isa bifunctional enzyme exhibiting both cyclooxygenase and peroxidaseactivities. The cyclooxygenase activity converts arachidonic acid to ahydroperoxy endoperoxide (Prostaglandin G2; PGG2) and the peroxidasecomponent reduces the endoperoxide (Prostaglandin H2; PGH2) to thecorresponding alcohol, the precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes,and prostacyclins. This COX Inhibitor screening assay measures theperoxidase component of cyclooxygenases. The peroxidase activity isassayed colorimetrically by monitoring the appearance of oxidizedN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). This inhibitorscreening assay includes both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in order to screenisozyme-specific inhibitors. The Colormetric COX (ovine) Inhibitorscreening assay (#760111, Cayman Chemical) can be used to analyze theeffects of each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification on the activity of purified cyclooxygnase enzyme (COX-1 orCOX-2). According to manufacturer instructions, purified enzyme, hemeand test extracts can be mixed in assay buffer and incubated withshaking for 15 min at room temperature. Following incubation,arachidonic acid and colorimetric substrate can be added to initiate thereaction. Color progression can be evaluated by colorimetric platereading at 590 nm. The percent inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2 activity canbe calculated compared to non-treated controls to determine the abilityof test extracts to inhibit the activity of purified enzyme.

Lipoxygenase (LO) Assay:

An in vitro lipoxygenase (LO) inhibition assay. LOs are non-hemeiron-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the addition of molecularoxygen to fatty acids. Linoleate and arachidonate are the mainsubstrates for LOs in plants and animals. Arachadonic acid may then beconverted to hydroxyeicosotrienenoic (HETE) acid derivatives, that aresubsequently converted to leukotrienes, potent inflammatory mediators.This assay provides an accurate and convenient method for screeninglipoxygenase inhibitors by measuring the hydroperoxides generated fromthe incubation of a lipoxygenase (5-, 12-, or 15-LO) with arachidonicacid. The Colorimetric LO Inhibitor screening kit (#760700, CaymanChemical) can be used to determine the ability of each of the activeingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification to inhibitenzyme activity. Purified 15-lipoxygenase and test ingredients can bemixed in assay buffer and incubated with shaking for 10 min at roomtemperature. Following incubation, arachidonic acid can be added toinitiate the reaction and the mixtures can be incubated for anadditional 10 min at room temperature. Colorimetric substrate can beadded to terminate catalysis and color progression can be evaluated byfluorescence plate reading at 490 nm. The percent inhibition oflipoxyganse activity can be calculated compared to non-treated controlsto determine the ability of each of the active ingredients, any one ofthe combination of ingredients, or compositions having said combinationsdisclosed in the specification to inhibit the activity of purifiedenzyme.

Elastase Assay:

EnzChek® Elastase Assay (Kit# E-12056) from Molecular Probes (Eugene,Oreg. USA) can be used as an in vitro enzyme inhibition assay formeasuring inhibition of elastase activity for each of the activeingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification. The EnzChek kitcontains soluble bovine neck ligament elastin that can be labeled withdye such that the conjugate's fluorescence can be quenched. Thenon-fluorescent substrate can be digested by elastase or other proteasesto yield highly fluorescent fragments. The resulting increase influorescence can be monitored with a fluorescence microplate reader.Digestion products from the elastin substrate have absorption maxima at˜505 nm and fluorescence emission maxima at ˜515 nm. The peptide,N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-chloromethyl ketone, can be used as aselective, collective inhibitor of elastase when utilizing the EnzChekElastase Assay Kit for screening for elastase inhibitors.

Oil Control Assay:

An assay to measure reduction of sebum secretion from sebaceous glandsand/or reduction of sebum production from sebaceous glands can beassayed by using standard techniques known to those having ordinaryskill in the art. In some aspects, the forehead can be used. Each of theactive ingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, orcompositions having said combinations disclosed in the specification canbe applied to one portion of the forehead once or twice daily for a setperiod of days (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, ormore days), while another portion of the forehead is not treated withthe composition. After the set period of days expires, then sebumsecretion can be assayed by application of fine blotting paper to thetreated and untreated forehead skin. This is done by first removing anysebum from the treated and untreated areas with moist and dry cloths.Blotting paper can then be applied to the treated and untreated areas ofthe forehead, and an elastic band can be placed around the forehead togently press the blotting paper onto the skin. After 2 hours theblotting papers can be removed, allowed to dry and thentransilluminated. Darker blotting paper correlates with more sebumsecretion (or lighter blotting paper correlates with reduced sebumsecretion.

Erythema Assay:

An assay to measure the reduction of skin redness can be evaluated usinga Minolta Chromometer. Skin erythema may be induced by applying a 0.2%solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the forearm of a subject. The areais protected by an occlusive patch for 24 hrs. After 24 hrs, the patchis removed and the irritation-induced redness can be assessed using thea* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a* value measures changes inskin color in the red region. Immediately after reading, the area istreated with the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification. Repeat measurements can be taken at regular intervals todetermine the formula's ability to reduce redness and irritation.

Skin Clarity and Reduction in Freckles and Age Spots Assay:

Skin clarity and the reduction in freckles and age spots can beevaluated using a Minolta Chromometer. Changes in skin color can beassessed to determine irritation potential due to product treatmentusing the a* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a* value measureschanges in skin color in the red region. This is used to determinewhether each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification is inducing irritation. The measurements can be made oneach side of the face and averaged, as left and right facial values.Skin clarity can also be measured using the Minolta Meter. Themeasurement is a combination of the a*, b, and L values of the MinoltaMeter and is related to skin brightness, and correlates well with skinsmoothness and hydration. Skin reading is taken as above. In onenon-limiting aspect, skin clarity can be described as L/C where C ischroma and is defined as (a²+b²)^(1/2).

Skin Dryness, Surface Fine Lines, Skin Smoothness, and Skin Tone Assay:

Skin dryness, surface fine lines, skin smoothness, and skin tone can beevaluated with clinical grading techniques. For example, clinicalgrading of skin dryness can be determined by a five point standardKligman Scale: (0) skin is soft and moist; (1) skin appears normal withno visible dryness; (2) skin feels slightly dry to the touch with novisible flaking; (3) skin feels dry, tough, and has a whitish appearancewith some scaling; and (4) skin feels very dry, rough, and has a whitishappearance with scaling. Evaluations can be made independently by twoclinicians and averaged.

Clinical Grading of Skin Tone Assay:

Clinical grading of skin tone can be performed via a ten point analognumerical scale: (10) even skin of uniform, pinkish brown color. Nodark, erythremic, or scaly patches upon examination with a hand heldmagnifying lens. Microtexture of the skin very uniform upon touch; (7)even skin tone observed without magnification. No scaly areas, butslight discolorations either due to pigmentation or erythema. Nodiscolorations more than 1 cm in diameter; (4) both skin discolorationand uneven texture easily noticeable. Slight scaliness. Skin rough tothe touch in some areas; and (1) uneven skin coloration and texture.Numerous areas of scaliness and discoloration, either hypopigmented,erythremic or dark spots. Large areas of uneven color more than 1 cm indiameter. Evaluations were made independently by two clinicians andaveraged.

Clinical Grading of Skin Smoothness Assay:

Clinical grading of skin smoothness can be analyzed via a ten pointanalog numerical scale: (10) smooth, skin is moist and glistening, noresistance upon dragging finger across surface; (7) somewhat smooth,slight resistance; (4) rough, visibly altered, friction upon rubbing;and (1) rough, flaky, uneven surface. Evaluations were madeindependently by two clinicians and averaged.

Skin Smoothness and Wrinkle Reduction Assay with Methods Disclosed inPackman et al. (1978):

Skin smoothness and wrinkle reduction can also be assessed visually byusing the methods disclosed in Packman et al. (1978). For example, ateach subject visit, the depth, shallowness and the total number ofsuperficial facial lines (SFLs) of each subject can be carefully scoredand recorded. A numerical score was obtained by multiplying a numberfactor times a depth/width/length factor. Scores are obtained for theeye area and mouth area (left and right sides) and added together as thetotal wrinkle score.

Skin Firmness Assay with a Hargens Ballistometer:

Skin firmness can be measured using a Hargens ballistometer, a devicethat evaluates the elasticity and firmness of the skin by dropping asmall body onto the skin and recording its first two rebound peaks. Theballistometry is a small lightweight probe with a relatively blunt tip(4 square mm-contact area) was used. The probe penetrates slightly intothe skin and results in measurements that are dependent upon theproperties of the outer layers of the skin, including the stratumcorneum and outer epidermis and some of the dermal layers.

Skin Softness/Suppleness Assay with a Gas Bearing Electrodynamometer:

Skin softness/suppleness can be evaluated using the Gas BearingElectrodynamometer, an instrument that measures the stress/strainproperties of the skin. The viscoelastic properties of skin correlatewith skin moisturization. Measurements can be obtained on thepredetermined site on the cheek area by attaching the probe to the skinsurface with double-stick tape. A force of approximately 3.5 gm can beapplied parallel to the skin surface and the skin displacement isaccurately measured. Skin suppleness can then be calculated and isexpressed as DSR (Dynamic Spring Rate in gm/mm).

Appearance of Lines and Wrinkles Assay with Replicas:

The appearance of lines and wrinkles on the skin can be evaluated usingreplicas, which is the impression of the skin's surface. Silicone rubberlike material can be used. The replica can be analyzed by imageanalysis. Changes in the visibility of lines and wrinkles can beobjectively quantified via the taking of silicon replicas form thesubjects' face and analyzing the replicas image using a computer imageanalysis system. Replicas can be taken from the eye area and the neckarea, and photographed with a digital camera using a low angle incidencelighting. The digital images can be analyzed with an image processingprogram and are of the replicas covered by wrinkles or fine lines wasdetermined.

Surface Contour of the Skin Assay with a Profilometer/Stylus Method:

The surface contour of the skin can be measured by using theprofilometer/Stylus method. This includes either shining a light ordragging a stylus across the replica surface. The vertical displacementof the stylus can be fed into a computer via a distance transducer, andafter scanning a fixed length of replica a cross-sectional analysis ofskin profile can be generated as a two-dimensional curve. This scan canbe repeated any number of times along a fix axis to generate a simulated3-D picture of the skin. Ten random sections of the replicas using thestylus technique can be obtained and combined to generate averagevalues. The values of interest include Ra which is the arithmetic meanof all roughness (height) values computed by integrating the profileheight relative to the mean profile height. Rt which is the maximumvertical distance between the highest peak and lowest trough, and Rzwhich is the mean peak amplitude minus the mean peak height. Values aregiven as a calibrated value in mm. Equipment should be standardizedprior to each use by scanning metal standards of know values. Ra Valuecan be computed by the following equation: R_(a)=Standardize roughness;l_(m)=the traverse (scan) length; and y=the absolute value of thelocation of the profile relative to the mean profile height (x-axis).

MELANODERM™ Assay:

In other non-limiting aspects, the efficacy of each of the activeingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification can be evaluatedby using a skin analog, such as, for example, MELANODERM™. Melanocytes,one of the cells in the skin analog, stain positively when exposed toL-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of melanin. The skinanalog, MELANODERM™, can be treated with a variety of bases containingeach of the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification or with the base alone as a control. Alternatively, anuntreated sample of the skin analog can be used as a control.

Production of Hyaluronic Acid—

Changes in the production of hyaluronic acid in human dermal fibroblastsdue to each of the active ingredients, any one of the combination ofingredients, or compositions having said combinations disclosed in thespecification can be measured. HA is a polysaccharide involved instabilization of the structure of the matrix and is involved inproviding turgor pressure to tissue and cells. As one non-limitingexample, HA production in treated and non-treated adult human dermalfibroblasts (HDFa) cells can be determined using the Hyaluronan DuoSetELISA kit from R&D Systems (DY3614). In this assay, for production ofsamples, subconfluent HDFa cells from Cascade Biologics (C-13-5C) areincubated at 37° C. and 10% CO₂ in starvation medium (0.15% fetal bovineserum and 1% Penicillin Streptomycin solution in Dulbecco's ModifiedEagle Medium) for 72 hours prior to treatment. The cells are thenincubated with fresh starvation medium with either test compound,positive control (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate from Sigma-Aldrich(P1585) and platelet derived growth factor from Sigma-Aldrich (P3201)),or no additive for 24 hours. Media is then collected and frozen at −80°C. until use in the ELISA assay.

Briefly, the ELISA assay employs a quantitative sandwich enzymeimmunoassay technique whereby a capture antibody specific for HA can bepre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and media from treated anduntreated cells are pipetted into the microplate wells to enable any HApresent to be bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away anyunbound substances, an enzyme-linked detection antibody specific for HAis added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unboundantibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells toallow color development in proportion to the amount of HA bound in theinitial step. The color development is stopped at a specific time andthe intensity of the color at 450 nm can be measured using a microplatereader.

Inhibition of Hyaluronidase Activity—

Changes in the activity of hyaluronidase due to each of the activeingredients, any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositionshaving said combinations disclosed in the specification can be measured.Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that degrades HA. HA is a polysaccharideinvolved in stabilization of the structure of the matrix and is involvedin providing turgor pressure to tissue and cells. As one non-limitingexample, hyaluronidase activity can be determined using an in vitroprotocol modified from Sigma-Aldrich protocol # EC 3.2.1.35. Briefly,hyaluronidase type 1-S from Sigma-Aldrich (H3506) is added to microplatereaction wells containing test compound or controls. Tannic acid can beused as a positive control inhibitor, no test compound can be added forthe control enzyme, and wells with test compound or positive control butwithout hyaluronidase can be used as a background negative control. Thewells are incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes before addition ofsubstrate (HA). Substrate is added and the reactions incubated at 37° C.for 45 minutes. A portion of each reaction solution is then transferredto and gently mixed in a solution of sodium acetate and acetic acid pH3.75 to stop that portion of the reaction (stopped wells). The stoppedwells and the reaction wells should both contain the same volume ofsolution after addition of the portion of the reaction solution to thestopped wells. Both the reaction wells and the stopped wells areincubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Absorbance at 600 nm isthen measured for both the reaction wells and the stopped wells.Inhibition can be calculated using the following formulas: Inhibitor (orcontrol) activity=(Inhibitor stopped wells absorbance at 600nm−inhibitor reaction wells absorbance at 600 nm); Initialactivity=control enzyme absorbance at 600 nm; PercentInhibition=[(Initial activity/Inhibitor Activity)*100]-100.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-γ) Activity—

Changes in the activity of PPAR-γ due to each of the active ingredients,any one of the combination of ingredients, or compositions having saidcombinations disclosed in the specification can be measured. PPAR-γ is areceptor critical for the production of sebum. As one non-limitingexample, the activity of PPAR-γ can be determined using a bioassay thatanalyzes the ability of a test compound or composition to inhibitbinding of a ligand. Briefly, fluorescent small-molecule pan-PPARligand, FLUORMONE™ Pan-PPAR Green, available from Life Technologies(PV4894), can be used to determine if test compounds or compositions areable to inhibit binding of the ligand to PPAR-γ. The samples wellsinclude PPAR-γ and fluorescent ligand and either: test compound orcomposition (test); a reference inhibitor, rosiglitazone (positivecontrol); or no test compound (negative control). The wells areincubated for a set period of time to allow the ligand opportunity tobind the PPAR-γ. The fluorescence polarization of each sample well canthen be measured and compared to the negative control well to determinethe percentage of inhibition by the test compound or composition.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will beapparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied tothe compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence ofsteps of the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will beapparent that certain agents which are both chemically andphysiologically related may be substituted for the agents describedherein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All suchsimilar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in theart are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplaryprocedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, arespecifically incorporated herein by reference.

-   Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Third Edition, CTFA, 1982-   International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Fourth edition, CTFA,    1991-   International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, Tenth    Edition, CTFA, 2004-   International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, Twelfth    Edition, CTFA, 2008

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a human or animalhaving skin in need of moisturization, the method comprising topicallyapplying a composition comprising 0.001% to 1% w/w of a hydrolyzed algaeextract, 0.0001% to 0.1% w/w of a saccharide isomerate, and adermatologically acceptable vehicle to the skin of the human or animal,wherein at least one of skin permeability is decreased, filaggrinproduction is increased, skin moisture is increased, occludin productionis increased, or TNFα production is inhibited in the human or animal,wherein the hydrolyzed algae extract comprises exopolysaccharides fromHalymenia durvillei, and wherein the saccharide isomerate comprises anexopolysaccharide synthesized by Vibrio alginolyticus.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the skin permeability is decreased and wherein at leastone of filaggrin production is increased, skin moisture is increased,occludin production is increased, or TNFα production is inhibited in thehuman or animal.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrolyzed algaeextract increases production of filaggrin, increases skin moisture,increases production of occludin, and/or decreases skin permeability inthe human or animal.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compositionis formulated as at least one of a moisturizer, a mask, a foundation, afreshener, or a cleanser.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thedermatologically acceptable vehicle comprises water.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the composition comprises 35% to 98% w/w of water. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprisesglycerin and phenoxyethanol.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein thecomposition comprises 1% to 15% w/w of glycerin and 0.1% to 1.5% w/w ofphenoxyethanol.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the saccharideisomerate increases production of filaggrin, increases skin moisture,increases production of occludin, and/or inhibits TNFα production in thehuman or animal.
 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the saccharideisomerate increases production of filaggrin, increases skin moisture,increases production of occludin, and/or inhibits TNFα production in thehuman or animal.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein skin permeability isdecreased in the human or animal.
 12. The method of claim 1, whereinfilaggrin production is increased in the human or animal.
 13. The methodof claim 1, wherein skin moisture is increased in the human or animal.14. The method of claim 1, wherein occludin production is increased inthe human or animal.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein TNFα productionis inhibited in the human or animal.
 16. The method of claim 1, whereinat least two of skin permeability is decreased, filaggrin production isincreased, skin moisture is increased, occludin production is increased,or TNFα production is inhibited in the human or animal.
 17. The methodof claim 1, wherein skin permeability is decreased, filaggrin productionis increased, skin moisture is increased, occludin production isincreased, and TNFα production is inhibited in the human or animal.